Anemia and iron deficiency

Different classifications of anemia are based in part on the pathophysiological factor inducing the decreased hemoglobin concentration. Anemias due to cell hy-poproliferation include aplastic anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Hemolytic anemia results from excessive destruction of red blood cells. Megaloblastic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, and iron deficiency anemia result from an abnormality in the maturation of red blood cells. 

Yip, R., Johnson, C., and Dallman, P. R. (1984). Age-related changes in laboratory values used in the diagnosis of anemia and iron deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39,427-436. 

Allen LH (2000) Anemia and iron deficiency ffects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71 1280S — 1284S. 

Beard JL, Green W and Fich CA (1984) Effects of anemia and iron deficiency on thyroid hormone levels and thermoregulation during cold exposure. Am J Physiol 247 R114-R119. 

Markson, J, L., and Moore, J. M. (1962) Autoimmunity in pernicious anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Lancefe, ii 1240. 

The first-line treatment for anemia of CKD involves replacement of erythropoietin with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Use of ESAs increases the iron demand for RBC production and iron deficiency is common, requiring iron supplementation to correct and maintain adequate iron stores to promote RBC production. Androgens were used extensively... 

Less blood loss and iron deficiency, resulting in easier management of anemia or reduced requirements for erythropoietin and parenteral iron. 

The primary cause of anemia in patients with CKD or ESRD is erythropoietin deficiency. Other contributing factors include decreased lifespan of red blood cells, blood loss, and iron deficiency. 

Iron deficiency For the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemias. 

Contraindications All anemias except iron deficiency anemia, including pernicious, aplastic, normocytic, and refractory... 

Increased erythropoiesis is associated with an increase in the number of transferrin receptors on developing erythroid cells. Iron store depletion and iron deficiency anemia are associated with an increased concentration of serum transferrin. 

A 47-year-old woman weighing 59 kg took acarbose 50 mg tds. Her blood glucose improved but she lost about 1 kg/month. She had a sore tongue without oral ulcers and no evidence of malabsorption. Later she developed general weakness and iron deficiency anemia but no other evidence of malabsorption. After she had lost 7 kg in 5 months, acarbose was withdrawn. Her complaints disappeared, her weight normalized, and she had no signs of iron deficiency anemia, even without iron therapy. 

Other Minor Hemoglobins. The nature of Hb-Aia and Hb-An. has not been clarified. The two minor hemoglobins are present in decreased quantities in patients with hemolytic anemia, and in increased amounts in patients with myelocytic leukemia and iron deficiency anemia (Fig. 7) (H24). An unknown, fast moving, minor hemoglobin fraction has been observed when red cell hemolysates from children with elevated blood lead levels were analyzed by electrophoresis (Cll). 

Zinc and Iron Deficiencies in Male Subjects with Dwarfism and Hypogonadism but Without Ancyclostomiasis, Schistosomiasis or Severe Anemia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1963) 12, 437. 

Anemias are classified by RBC size as macrocytic, normocytic, or microcytic. Vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency are both macrocytic anemias. An example of a microcytic anemia is iron deficiency, whereas a normocytic anemia may be the result of recent blood loss or chronic disease. In many patients more than one anemia and etiology may occur at the same time. Inclusion of the underlying cause of the anemia makes diagnostic terminology easier to understand (e.g., microcytic anemia secondary to iron deficiency). 

Summary A 63-year-old female with arthritis taking an NSAID with recent onset of epigastric pain relieved with food, guaiac positive stools, and iron deficiency anemia. Endoscopic examination reveals gastric ulcers. 

Wasserman, G., J.H. Graziano, P. Factor-Litvak, D. Popovac, N. Morina, A. Musabegovic, N. Vrenezi, S. Capuni-Paracka, V. Lekic, E. Preteni-Redjepi, S. Hadjialjevic, V. Slavkovich, J. Kline, P. Shrout, and Z. Stein. 1992. Independent effects of lead exposure and iron deficiency anemia on developmental outcome at age 2 years. J. Pediatr. 121(5 Pt. l) 695-703. 

Wasserman GA, Graziano JH, Factor-Litvak P, et al Independent effects of lead exposure and iron deficiency anemia on developmental outcome at age 2 years. J Pediatr 121 695-703,1992... 

Occult bleeding and iron deficiency anemia Prognostic features... 

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormone either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. Currently, intake of seaweed, a low-calorie food containing sufficient calcium, potassium, iron and vegetable fibers, has been recommended for the prevention of ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, dys-hpidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabofic syndrome and obesity, as well as for osteoporosis and iron-deficiency anemia (Mizukami et ai, 1993). Besides, salt has been iodized, and as a result, iodine intake has increased throughout the world (Zhao et ai, 1998). 

A 23-year-old man with ulcerative pancolitis was given mesalazine 4.5 g/day, and after 4 days developed a fever, chest pain, and myalgia [94 ]. Echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion. After reducing the dose of mesalazine to 3 g/day and starting oral prednisolone 55 mg/day, both the fever and the pericardial effusion subsided, but the fever recurred when prednisolone was tapered to 5 mg/day. There was a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a raised C-reactive protein, and iron deficiency anemia. Mesalazine was then withdrawn, and the fever disappeared within 2 days. After 2 weeks, he was rechallenged with mesalazine 250 mg and developed a fever within a few days. 

The etiology of microcytic hypochromic anemias as a class can be ascribed to decreased hemoglobin synthesis. Al has been shown to inhibit hemoglobin synthesis in Friend erythroleukemia cells (Abreo et al. 1990) and in bone marrow cells (Zamen et al. 1992), where it also accumulates. In vitro studies evaluating incorporation of Fe " into heme have identified heme, rather than globin, synthesis as the inhibited pathway in uremia (Moriyama et al. 1975). The most common cause of a fault in heme synthesis leading to microcytic anemia is iron deficiency or lack of availability. Although Al-related anemia is refractory to Fe, the anemia could be caused by an interaction between Al and Fe metabolism. 

Hematologic Parameters in Patients with Chronic Infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia... 

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