Hypochromic microcytic anemia

In a second type of thalassemia the synthesis of specific non-a-chains is impaired. The heterozygous form of 3-thalassemia is characterized by a mild hypochromic microcytic anemia, by an increased level of Hb-A2 (4 to 7 percent), and, in the majority of the cases, by an elevated Hb-F (1 to 15 percent). 

Severe hypochromic microcytic anemia, responding only to vitamin B6 and not to iron, a typical symptom of B6 deficiency in many species of animals, is related to the dependence of porphyrin biosynthesis on vitamin Be, preceding the 8-aminolevulinic acid stage, at the condensation of glycine with succinate to yield a-amino- 3-ketoadipate, the immediate precursor of 8-aminolevulinic acid. 

Few studies have reported toxicological effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in children. Campbell and Davidson (1970) reported a case of a 21-year-old woman eating 1-2 toilet air-freshener blocks per week while pregnant. The mother developed hematological aberrations (hypochromic, microcytic anemia. 

Iron is stored in intestinal mucosal cells as ferritin (an iron/protein complex) until needed by the body. Iron deficiency results from acute or chronic blood loss, from insufficient intake during periods of accelerated growth in children, or in heavily menstruating or pregnant women. Therefore it essentially results from a negative iron balance due to depletion of iron stores and inadequate intake, culminating in hypochromic microcytic anemia. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate is required to correct the deficiency. Gastrointestinal disturbances caused by local irritation are the most common adverse effects caused by iron supplements. 

In vitamin Be-deflcient experimental animals, there are skin lesions (e.g., acrodynia in the rat) and fissures or ulceration at the corners of the mouth and over the tongue, as well as a number of endocrine abnormalities defects in the metabolism of tryptophan (Section 9.5.4), methionine (Section 9.5.5), and other amino acids hypochromic microcytic anemia (the first step of heme biosynthesis is pyridoxal phosphate dependent) changes in leukocyte count and activity a tendency to epileptiform convulsions and peripheral nervous system damage resulting in ataxia and sensory neuropathy. There is also impairment of immune responses, as a result of reduced activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase and hence reduced availability of one-carbon substituted folate for nucleic acid synthesis (Section 10.3.3). It has been suggested... 

Hematological Disorders. Seventeen boys under 4 years of age were studied by Rabe and Plonko (Rl) for evidence of pyridoxine need. Four of the children had hypochromic microcytic anemia, 4 had convulsions, and 9 suffered from miscellaneous acute infectious illnesses. 

Copper-dependent enzymes include tyrosinase (which is involved in melanin pigment formation) and the various oxidases (i.e., cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, amine oxidase, and uricase). Copper plays a major role in the incorporation of iron into the heme of hemoglobin. Copper deficiency is characterized by hypochromic, microcytic anemia resulting from defective hemoglobin synthesis. 

Both male and female dogs ingesting 1,3-dichloropropene (15 mg kg day ) for either 13 weeks or 1 year exhibited primarily regenerative hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Chronic exposure via the oral route has also caused neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the stomach in rats. Hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the forestomach and urinary bladder hyperplasia were reported in mice exposed to one formulation of 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone Ilb) for 2 years through inhalation. 

Clinically significant anemia is unusual. About 25% of patients have a mild, hypochromic, microcytic anemia, which may be accompanied by sideroblastic changes in ery-throid precursor cells. 

The thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of hypochromic, microcytic anemias caused by unbalanced synthesis of globin chains. In Southeast Asia, the Philippines, China, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Mediterranean countries, thalassemia syndromes are relatively common and... 

Summary A 25-year-old Mediterranean pregnant female has a history of asymptomatic mild hypochromic, microcytic anemia, elevated hemoglobin A2 and F on electrophoresis. Her brother had severe hemolytic disease that required transfusions and ultimately caused his premature death at age 10. She is diagnosed with P-thalassemia minor. 

Hypochromic microcytic anemia Special Organic acids 3-hydroxy iso valeric,... 

No definite evidence for the occurrence of copper deficiency in man has been presented, and human requirement is unknown. The diet usually furnishes 2 to 4 mg. of copper daily.Studies in man indicate that 2 mg. daily will maintain an adult in balance. The Food and Nutrition Board suggests a daily allowance of 1 to 2 mg. of copper for an adult, and 0.05 mg. per kilogram of body weight for infants and children. The copper content of whole blood is between 90 and 150 /xg- per 100 ml., equally divided between cells and plasma. There is little evidence that the administration of copper is of assistance in the therapy of hypochromic microcytic anemia. 

Gastrointestinal upset has also been reported in individuals taking daily dietary zinc supplements for up to 6 weeks. There is also limited evidence that the human immune system may be impaired by sub chronic exposures. Chronic oral exposures to zinc have resulted in hypochromic microcytic anemia associated with hypoceruloplasminemia, hypocupremia, and neutropenia in some individuals. 

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