Androgens prostate cancer

Glucocorticoids have inhibitory (apoptotic) effects on lymphocyte proliferation and are used to treat leukemias and lymphomas. Estrogens (fosfestrol) are used to block the effect of androgens in prostate cancer. Progestogens (megestrol, medroxyprogesteroneacetate) have been useful for treating endometrial carcinoma, renal tumors, and breast cancer. 

Hormone antagonists (tamoxifen and toremifen bind to the estradiol receptor, flutamide binds to the androgen receptor) are used for treating breast and prostate cancer. 

Cha, T.L. et al., Emodin down-regulates androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, Cancer Res., 65, 2287, 2005. 

Contrast the benefits and risks of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) singleagent therapy and combined androgen blockade in the first-line therapy of metastatic prostate cancer. 

Androgen ablation with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist plus an antiandrogen should be used prior to radiation therapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer to improve outcomes over radiation therapy alone. 

Genetic Familial prostate cancer is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Mutations in p53, Rb, E-cahedrin, a-catenin, androgen receptor, KAII, microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygocity at 1, 2q, 12p, 15q, 16p, and 16q. Candidate prostate cancer gene locus identified on chromosome 1. 

CAG repeat length. Shorter CAG repeat sequences have been found in African Americans. Therefore, the combination of increased testosterone and increased androgen receptor activation may account for the increased risk of prostate cancer for African-American men.2 The Asian diet generally is considered to be low in fat and high in fiber with a high concentration of phytoestrogens, potentially explaining the decreased risk in Asians.4... 

The growth and development of the prostate is under control of androgens, and it is well known that men who undergo castration prior to puberty do not develop prostate cancer. The... 

DES was once a mainstay of prostate cancer therapy. While very effective in androgen ablation, DES-treated patients experienced increased cardiovascular mortality.41 LHRH agonists, with equivalent efficacy and decreased cardiovascular toxicity, supplanted DES as a mainstay of therapy. 

Secondary or salvage therapies for patients who progress after their initial therapy depend on what was used for initial management.26 For patients diagnosed initially with localized prostate cancer, radiotherapy can be used in the case of failed radical prostatectomy. Alternatively, androgen ablation can be used in patients who progress after either radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy. 

Culig Z. Role of the androgen receptor axis in prostate cancer. Urology 2003 62(5 suppl 1) 21—26. 

Androgen independence is a common feature of prostate cancer progression. CXCR1 expression and the emergence of androgen independence were examined in prostate cancer specimens from patients undergoing hormonal treatment... 

Note PCa, prostate cancer WM, white male DES, diethylstilbestrol AR, androgen receptor PSA, prostate specific antigen and PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase. 

Paule, B, S Terry, L Kheuang, P Soyeux, F Vacherot, and A de la Taille. 2007. The NF-kappa B/IL-6 pathway in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer new therapeutic approaches. World J Urol 25 477 189. 

Tang L, Jin T, Zeng X, Wang J-S. 2005. Lycopene inhibits the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in BALB/c nude mice. J Nutr 135 287-290. 

Xing, N, Y Chen, SH Mitchell, and CYF Young. 2001. Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 22(3) 409 414. 

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