And sensation

We have already noted evidence for genetic factors that underlie the preference for and response to caffeine. These factors create a biologically based set of individual difference dimensions that may be modified by experience with the drug. In addition, there is evidence for a number of broader individual difference dimensions that appear to be relevant. These bipolar continua differentiate between subjects who are habitually high in arousal or arousability and those who are habitually low. The factors in question are personality dimensions that theoretically reflect underlying biological continua of arousal or arousability.238 Included among these dimensions are extraversion,58 impulsivity,239240 and sensation-seek-ing.94-241-242 We will take up the first two of these. 

Over 95% of the body s serotonin (5-HT) is found in the gastrointestinal tract in enterochromaffin cells and neurons. There are 18 known serotonin receptor sub-types, of which 5-HT, 5-HT3, and 5-HT are located in the gut and modulate gut secretion, motility, and sensation (57). The 5-HT in the synaptic spaces stimulates these receptors until it is actively cleared by a 5-HT transporter protein located on the presynaptic neuronal endings. 

The mammalian brain also possesses unifying anatomical circuits this circuitry appears to derive from the basic motor circuit. Motor systems, for example, unify diverse mofivafions and sensations fo drive singular purposeful actions. Anatomical circuifs underlying sleep-wakefulness, attention, and memory also unify varied inpufs info singular end sfafes. Consciousness, which is a unified sfafe, is likely fo be similarly driven by anatomical circuits such as those that drive motor actions, arousal, selective attention and memory. 

Mechanism of Action An amide anesthetic that inhibits conduction of nerve impulses. Therapeutic Effect Causes temporary loss of feeling and sensation. Also an... 

Impulsive, consisting of both aggressive and self-damaging acts, eating disorders, and sensation seeking, which includes substance abuse... 

Pentazocine is contraindicated in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction because of cardiovascular stimulation. Psychotomimetic side effects, such as hallucinations, bizarre dreams, and sensations of depersonalisation, occur in about 6-10% of patients. They are more common in elderly patients, in those who are ambulatory, and when doses above 60 mg are given. Nausea occurs in approximately 5% of patients although vomiting is less common. Other commonly reported side effects are dizziness and drowsiness. The risk of physical dependence is low. 

Formulas that actively and intensively remove phlegm, especially invisible phlegm, may cause unpleasant feelings and sensations at first because they provoke the movement of phlegm in the body. The practitioner should warn the patient about this in advance. 

Certain themes are common to many of the visions and sensations described. The following is a listing of some of the more common themes ... 

The dizziness and sensation of fainting became so strong at times that I could no longer hold myself erect, and had to lie down on a sofa. My surroundings had now transformed themselves in more terrifying ways. Everything in the room... 

The widely accepted theory of gate control was put forward by Melzack and Wall (1965). Wall (1978) later restricted the term to describe the immediate reception and control of sensory inputs that lead to effector triggering and sensation. Descending impulses from the raphe nuclei, reticular formation and other regions of the brain affect - and, in particular, inhibit - the activity of neurons in the dorsal horn, where gating functions are thought to be localized. Only when the gate is open does pain information pass to the brain. 

Glutamate is the major exitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and its interactions with membrane receptors play a critical role in nearly every aspect of brain function, including cognition, memory and sensation. 

Caprolactam has a low order of toxicity, as shown by the results of numerous and various toxicological tests in Table 6, and it presents no appreciable health hazard if it is handled properly. Prolonged exposure to dust or vapors causes irritation of eyes, mucous membranes, and skin inhalation may cause irritation of the respiratory tissues. Skin contact, if prolonged, can lead to dermatosis causing a reddening and tightening of the skin, the appearance and sensation of which is similar to sunburn (24). A thorough wash with water, in which caprolactam is very soluble, or with soap and water, normally is sufficient to remove caprolactam from contaminated parts of the body. 

In the case of some dreams, their "realism" may persist into the waking state. Thus, realness and sensation are not a unity, but the concurrent operation of two separate functions. Realness (the quality of reality) and reality testing (the judgment of what is external versus what is imaginary) likewise appear to be two different functions, although they usually operate in synchrony. 

Hartmann, W.M. (1998) Signals, Sounds and Sensation. Springer Verlag. 

Winckel, 1967] Winckel, F. (1967). Music, Sound and Sensation. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 

Combining Rohypnol with other substances makes the physical reactions and sensations longer and more intense. In the United States, the most frequent combined use of Rohypnol is with alcohol. This combination can produce dizziness and feelings of disorientation within as little as 10 minutes. It may also cause the... 

Thus, if it is taken into consideration that the overwhelming majority of enzymes is adsorbed on cell membranes and sensationally execute the functions under these conditions, this situation is of importance for enzymes (due to their sensitivity to the medium) rather than for their models, especially inorganic biomimics. 

Adrian E. D. (1953) Sensory messages and sensation. The response of the olfactory organ to different smells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29, 5-14. 

TIA-related infarctions on DWI can be predicted on the basis of certain clinical TIA features. Transient motor symptoms, preceding non-stereotypic attacks, the presence of an established cause of stroke, and presentation with aphasia are independent predictors of infarction on DWI (Ay et al. 2002 Crisostomo et al. 2003). In contrast, limb paresthesias, slurred speech, and brief attacks of dizziness or imbalance are not associated with occurrence of infarction. Of note, most symptoms that are not associated with infarction on DWI are based on patients subjective feelings and sensations in contrast to motor deficit or aphasia, it is not possible to objectively assess such symptoms and mark the brain as their origin. Of particular relevance to this point is that, according to a recent study, the independent predictors of infarction on DWI such as motor deficit and speech impairment are also independently associated with increased risk of stroke after TIA (Johnston et al. 2003), suggesting a potential role for DWI in the risk stratification for stroke following TIA. 

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