And intuition

Only the simulations in which the transducer is coupling either to the V-butt weld or to the surrounding steel can be analyzed in a simple and intuitive way, which means that the different pulses in the A-scan signals can be related uniquely to the reflection or diffraction of the wavefront at the weld, the backwall, and/or the notch. 

Easy and intuitive data analysis The data analysis process is easy and intuitive, because the pattern recognition only requires the knowledge and intuition of the scientists. DifEcult statistical and mathematical methods are not necessary. 

Besides these main categories, a large number of hybrid visualization techniques also exist, which arc combinations of the methods described. Well-known hybrid approaches arc the 2D or 3D glyph displays. These techniques combine the multidimensional representation capabilities of icon-based methods with the easy and intuitive representations of scatter-plot displays, Therefore these techniques can also be frequently found within chemical data analysis applications. 

The shear stresses are proportional to the viscosity, in accordance with experience and intuition. However, the normal stresses also have viscosity-dependent components, not an intuitively obvious result. For flow problems in which the viscosity is vanishingly small, the normal stress component is negligible, but for fluid of high viscosity, eg, polymer melts, it can be significant and even dominant. 

Historically, the discovery of one effective herbicide has led quickly to the preparation and screening of a family of imitative chemicals (3). Herbicide developers have traditionally used combinations of experience, art-based approaches, and intuitive appHcations of classical stmcture—activity relationships to imitate, increase, or make more selective the activity of the parent compound. This trial-and-error process depends on the costs and availabiUties of appropriate starting materials, ease of synthesis of usually inactive intermediates, and alterations of parent compound chemical properties by stepwise addition of substituents that have been effective in the development of other pesticides, eg, halogens or substituted amino groups. The reason a particular imitative compound works is seldom understood, and other pesticidal appHcations are not readily predictable. Novices in this traditional, quite random, process requite several years of training and experience in order to function productively. 

Stefan-Maxwell Equations Following Eq. (5-182), a simple and intuitively appeahng flux equation for apphcations involving N components is... 

The understanding of retention and selectivity behaviour in reversed-phase HPLC in order to control and predict chromatographic properties ai e interesting for both academic scientists and manufacturers. A number of retention and selectivity models are the subject of ongoing debate. The theoretical understanding of retention and selectivity, however, still lags behind the practical application of RP HPLC. In fact, many users of RP HPLC techniques very often select stationary phases and other experimental conditions by experience and intuition rather than by objective criteria. 

MEIS has proven to be a powerful and intuitive tool for the study of the composition and geometrical structure of surfaces and interfaces several layers below a surface. The fact that the technique is truly quantitative is all but unique in surface science. The use of very high resolution depth profiling, made possible by the high-resolution energy detectors in MEIS, will find increased applicability in many areas of materials science. With continued technical development, resulting in less costly instrumentation, the technique should become of even wider importance in the years to come. 

Background information on the reasonable and expected chemistry of the system. This is where chemical experience and intuition play a role. Knowledge of the pertinent literature is valuable. If the type of reaction has been studied earlier, these kinds of issues may be provisionally known ... 

These patterns illustrate the incongruity that exists between mathematically precise notions of entropy (see below), or the amount of disorder in a system, and intuitive notions of complexity. 

Fig. 12.1 Three patterns illustrating the incongruity between mathematically precise notions of entropy and intuitive notions of complexity. Whereas pattern (b) is intuitively the most complex, it has neither the highest (c) or lowest (a) entropy. See text.

One shortcoming of Schild analysis is an overemphasized use of the control dose-response curve (i.e., the accuracy of every DR value depends on the accuracy of the control EC o value). An alternative method utilizes nonlinear regression of the Gaddum equation (with visualization of the data with a Clark plot [10], named for A. J. Clark). This method, unlike Schild analysis, does not emphasize control pECS0, thereby giving a more balanced estimate of antagonist affinity. This method, first described by Lew and Angus [11], is robust and theoretically more sound than Schild analysis. On the other hand, it is not as visual. Schild analysis is rapid and intuitive, and can be used to detect nonequilibrium steady states in the system that can corrupt... 

Olivier and Berger335, who measured the first-order rate coefficients for the aluminium chloride-catalysed reaction of 4-nitroben2yl chloride with excess aromatic (solvent) at 30 °C and obtained the rate coefficients (lO5/ ) PhCI, 1.40 PhH, 7.50 PhMe, 17.5. These results demonstrated the electrophilic nature of the reaction and also the unselective nature of the electrophile which has been confirmed many times since. That the electrophile in these reactions is not the simple and intuitively expected free carbonium ion was indicated by the observation by Calloway that the reactivity of alkyl halides was in the order RF > RC1 > RBr > RI, which is the reverse of that for acylation by acyl halides336. The low selectivity (and high steric hindrance) of the reaction was further demonstrated by Condon337 who measured the relative rates at 40 °C, by the competition method, of isopropylation of toluene and isopropylbenzene with propene catalyzed by boron trifluoride etherate (or aluminium chloride) these were as follows PhMe, 2.09 (1.10) PhEt, 1.73 (1.81) Ph-iPr, (1.69) Ph-tBu, 1.23 (1.40). The isomer distribution in the reactions337,338 yielded partial rate factors of 2.37 /mMe, 1.80 /pMe, 4.72 /, 0.35 / , 2.2 / Pr, 2.55337 339. 

The axiomatic teaching of Newtonian mechanics (NM)(I, 2), with or without calculus, is very effective. The abstract concepts are quickly connected by students to the practical experience and intuitive insight they have developed throughout their lives. This access to their own direct experience allows each student to make the necessary adjustments and corrections to the abstract concepts if the way they are presented by one particular teacher following one particular textbook does not optimally match the particular student s style and background. As a result, the majority of students of NM gain an effective level of understanding and skill within the time of the course. 

The Michelson and Morley experiment shows the critical importance of intuitive concepts and understanding in the progress of Physics. It is essential that the abstract concepts and intuitive notions of a theory are accurate, precise and correct. A necessary condition is that they correspond exactly to the mathematical formulation of these concepts. In the case of MT during the last century and the beginning of this century, that correspondence was flawed. This example demonstrates the importance of teaching students both the concepts and the mathematics and to make sure that the relationship between the two is fully understood. 

Preconfigured LIMS— This LIMS does not require extensive customer programming. To meet specific needs of end users, the vendors provide a comprehensive suite of configuration tools. These tools allow end users to add new screens, menus, functions, and reports in a rapid and intuitive manner. The tools also allow the LIMS to be more easily integrated with other business applications such as document processing, spreadsheets, and manufacturing systems. 

Designing a combinatorial library is a controversial art that involves a heterogeneous mix of chemistry, mathematics, economics, experience, and intuition. 

The following is a procedure recommended for elucidating the structure of complex organic molecules. It uses a combination of different NMR and other spectroscopic techniques. It assumes that the molecular formula has been deduced from elemental analysis or high-resolution mass spectrometry. Computer-based automated or interactive versions of similar approaches have also been devised for structural elucidation of complex natural products, such as SESAMI (systematic elucidation of structures by using artificial machine intelligence), but there is no substitute for the hard work, experience, and intuition of the chemist. 

The STRIPS operator is very simple and intuitively appealing. In attempting to use it for the synthesis of operating procedures for chemical processes, one finds immediately that it suffers from severe limitations, such as the following ... 

In the following years, the percent buried volume, % has emerged as a standard and intuitive parameter able to describe reasonably well the steric properties of NHCs [75]. The is the fraction of the volume of the fust coordination sphere around the metal occupied by a given ligand, see Fig. 1.17 [75]. 

The MSWD and probability of fit All EWLS algorithms calculate a statistical parameter from which the observed scatter of the data points about the regression line can be quantitatively compared with the average amount of scatter to be expected from the assigned analytical errors. Arguably the most convenient and intuitively accessible of these is the so-called ATS ITD parameter (Mean Square of Weighted Deviates McIntyre et al. 1966 Wendt and Carl 1991), defined as ... 

In many applications it is customary to define local coordinate systems indirectly by establishing their connection with the Cartesian coordinates in some underlying Euclidean space E if there is one. By labeling the points within each actual space (of local coordinate system) with the coordinate values in the underlying Euclidean space E there is a common reference for all local coordinate systems, and the compatibility conditions can be formulated within the Euclidean space E" of familiar and intuitively simple properties. 

As is often the case, predictions were not always fulfilled. Theory can be helpful in the search for molecules that are useful (dyes), human-friendly (medications), or functional (materials), but cannot necessarily guarantee a successful outcome. The creativity and knowledge as well as the experience and intuition of the researcher are not replaceable. 

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