And body tissues

Endosulfan and its breakdown products can be measured in your blood, urine, and body tissues if you have been exposed to a large amount. Tests to measure endosulfan in such bodily tissues or fluids are not usually available at a doctor s office because special equipment is needed. 

Secondary Hazards Blood and body tissue (dead birds) Vector cycle. 

Secondary Hazards Aerosols (blood and body fluids) Blood and body tissue (from rodents). 

An aminoaciduria usually results from the congenital absence of an enzyme needed for metabolism of an amino acid. Aminoacidopathies typically involve an inherited deficiency of an enzyme that is important for the metabolism of a particular amino acid (Table 40-1). The concentration of that amino acid and its metabolites consequently rise sharply in blood, urine and body tissues, including the brain. When the enzymatic deficiency is nearly complete, the onset of disease tends to occur in infancy, even in the neonatal period. Partial enzyme deficiencies may not become apparent until later in life [1,2]. 

Ferns, P.N. and J.I. Anderson. 1994. Cadmium in the diet and body tissues of dunlins Calidris alpina, from the Bristol Channel, U.K. Environ. Pollut. 86 225-231. 

Although we can measure the amount of chloroform in the air that you breathe out, and in blood, urine, and body tissues, we have no reliable test to determine how much chloroform you have been exposed to or whether you will experience any harmful health effects. The measurement of chloroform in body fluids and tissues may help to determine if you have come into contact with large amounts of chloroform. However, these tests are useful only a short time after you are exposed to chloroform because it leaves the body quickly. Because it is a breakdown product of other chemicals (chlorinated hydrocarbons), chloroform in your body might also indicate that you have come into contact with those other chemicals. Therefore, small amounts of chloroform in the body may indicate exposure to these other chemicals and may not indicate low chloroform levels in the environment. From blood tests to determine the amount of liver enzymes, we can tell whether the liver has been damaged, but we cannot tell whether the liver damage was caused by chloroform. 

Laboratory tests can detect heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in blood, fat, breast milk, and body tissues after exposure to high levels. These tests are not commonly available at your doctor s office. Most often, the test for heptachlor epoxide is used because heptachlor is quickly changed into heptachlor epoxide in your body. Blood samples are used most often because they are easy to collect. These tests are specific for heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. However, heptachlor is both a breakdown product and a component of chlordane, another pesticide. So if heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are measured in the blood, the actual exposure could have been to chlordane. 

Data on the proportions of different fatty acids in plasma lipid esters (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids, or triacylglycerol), erythrocyte membranes, or adipose tissue may provide a more objective and accurate path to evaluating dietary fatty acid composition (Arab, 2003 Baylin and Campos, 2006). The fatty acid composition in blood and body tissues reflects the fatty acid composition of the diet at different time points after ingestion. Short and medium-term changes in the composition of dietary fatty acid intake are reflected in plasma lipids and erythrocyte membranes, weeks and months after intake, respectively. The incorporation of fatty acids in adipose tissue reflects long-term changes in the diet (years) (Baylin and Campos, 2006 Katan et al., 1997 Ma et al., 1995 Zock et al, 1997). 

There are reliable and accurate ways of measuring silver in the body. Silver can be measured in the blood, urine, feces, and body tissues of exposed individuals. Because urine and blood samples are easy to get, these fluids are most often used to find out if a person has been exposed to silver in the last week or so. Silver builds up in the body, and the best way to learn if past exposure has occurred is to look for silver in samples of skin. Tests for silver are not commonly done at a doctor s office because they require special equipment. Although doctors can find out if a person has been exposed to silver by having blood or skin samples examined, they can not tell whether any health effects will occur. Information about tests for measuring silver in the body is in Chapters 2 and 6. 

The absorption and scattering of the y-rays in the presence of matter between the tracers and the detectors, such as human bones and body tissues in medical application as well as vessel walls and internals of a multi-phase flow system in non-medical application, will introduce... 

The response reaction of the host to a foreign material remaining in the body for an extended period of time is a concern. Thus, any polymeric material to be integrated into such a delicate system as the human body must be biocompatible. Biocompatibility is defined as the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application [79]. The concept include all aspects of the interfacial reaction between a material and body tissues initial events at the interface, material changes over time, and the fate of its degradation products. To be considered bio compatible, a biodegradable polymer must meet a number of requirements, given in Table 2. 

As the gas pressure increases, the diver s bloodstream and body tissues absorb higher and higher volumes of gases. 

Disposition in the Body. Slowly and incompletely absorbed after oral administration absorbed after intramuscular administration but generally given by the intravenous route. Rapidly distributed into the extracellular fluids throughout the body. Suxamethonium is rapidly hydrolysed in plasma and body tissues to succinylmonocholine (weak activity) and choline. Succinylmonocholine is then slowly hydrolysed to succinic acid and choline. Less than 3% of a dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. 

Disposition in the Body. After intravenous administration it is rapidly hydrolysed in plasma and body tissues to succinic acid and choline. 

Husain, K., Dube, S.N., Sugendran, K., Singh, R., Das Gupta, S., Somani, S.M. (1996). Effect of topically applied sulphur mustard on antioxidant enzymes in blood cells and body tissues of rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 16 245-8. 

Serial CBCs with platelets should be monitored for 2 weeks after exposure. Antibiotics should be given if leukopenia develops (Sidell et al, 1997). Mustard can be detected in urine and body tissues for up to 1 week postexposure using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Vycudilik, 1985). This can confirm diagnosis, but is not likely to be of value in the management of the patient. 

Tests are no available that measure 1,1-dichloroethane in urine, blood, breath and body tissues. Because urine, blood, and breath samples are easily obtained, these samples are examined to determine if a person has been exposed to 1,1-dichloroethane. These tests are not routinely available at a doctor s office and would require special equipment for sampling and detection of the compound. Since most of the 1,1-dichloroethane that is taken into the body leaves within two days, these tests must be done soon after exposure occurs. Although these tests can confirm that a person has been exposed to 1,1-dichloroethane, it is not yet possible to use the test results to predict the type or severity of any health effects that might occur or the level of exposure that may have occurred. Because exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane at hazardous waste sites is likely to include exposure to other similar chemicals at the same time, levels of 1,1-dichloroethane measured through these types of medical tests may not reflect exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane alone. Information regarding tests for the detection of 1,1-dichloroethane in the body is presented in Chapters 2 and 6. 

During the treatment, there are a series cf clicks that correspond to the ock waves passir thror the water and body tissue to break up the stone. Treatment takes about one to two hours. 

The determination of catecholamines requires a highly sensitive and selective assay procedure capable of measuring very low levels of catecholamines that may be present. In past years, a number of methods have been reported for measurement of catecholamines in both plasma and body tissues. A few of these papers have reported simultaneous measurement of more than two catecholamine analytes. One of them utilized Used UV for endpoint detection and the samples were chromatographed on a reversed-phase phenyl analytical column. The procedure was slow and cumbersome because ofdue to the use of a complicated liquid-liquid extraction and each chromatographic run lasted more than 25 min with a detection Umit of 5-10 ng on-column. Other sensitive HPLC methods reported in the literature use electrochemical detection with detection limits 12, 6, 12, 18, and 12 pg for noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleace-tic acid, and homovanillic acid, respectively. The method used very a complicated mobile phase in terms of its composition while whilst the low pH of 3.1 used might jeopardize the chemical stability of the column. Analysis time was approximately 30 min. Recently reported HPLC methods utilize amperometric end-point detection. 

Fluoride (F) is ubiquitous. It occurs naturally in the atmosphere through volcanic eruption and in the earth s crust. It rarely occurs freely in nature but combines with a variety of elements to form fluorides that exist in minute amounts in air, water, minerals and soils, vegetation, and body tissues. 

In cattle, fluorosis can take the form of intermittent lameness (Figure 8.4) as well as stiffness and lesions of the bones and teeth. The clinical basis for the lameness is not well understood. Appetite is normally impaired and this may result in decreased weight gain, cachexia, and lowered milk yield. Decline in milk production may be secondary to appetite impairment or other responses. Evidence that animals may be suffering chronic F effect may be obtained from chemical analysis of the feed and elevated levels of F in urine and body tissues (Parker et al. 1979). Other effects include increased susceptibility to other environmental stresses and decrease in longevity. 

The 1950s also saw the first evidence that chromium might be a dietary essential. Chromium is believed to promote the action of insulin and thus influences the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Reports of severe human deficiency of chromium are rare and have been found primarily in people receiving only intravenous feedings for several months or years. Only a few laboratories in the world can accurately measure the amount of chromium in foods and body tissues because chromium is present in stainless steel, which is ubiquitous in analytical laboratories and easily contaminates biological samples. 

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