Analysis okadaic acid

Figure 5.59 Molecular structures of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons (a) pectenotoxin-6 (PTX6) (b) okadaic acid (OA) (c) dinophysistoxin-1 (DTXl) (d) yessotoxin (YTX). Reprinted from J. Chromatogr., A, 943, Matrix effect and correction by standard addition in quantitative liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins , Ito, S. and Tsukada, K., 39-46, Copyright (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Okadaic acid was first isolated Irom the sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and was shown to be ultimately produced by dinoflagellates such as Prow-centrum lima. Okadaic acid contributes substantially to the analysis of phosphorylation and... 

The extreme toxic potential of marine metabolites often prevents their application in medicine. However, a number of metabolites proved to be valuable tools in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology. For instance the neurotoxic maitotoxin [109-112] (interaction with extracellular calcium enhancement of calcium influx [113]), the neurotoxic brevetoxin B [114] (interaction with the binding-site-5 of voltage-sensitive sodium channels [115]), tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin (voltage clamp analysis to study sodium channels and excitatory phenomena [116] tetrodotoxin abolishes brevetoxin B activity [117]), okadaic acid [118-120] (analysis of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes in eukaryotic cell metabolism [121]), and palytoxin (stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism synergistically with TPA-type promoters [122]). 

Chemistry, Metabolism, and Chemical Analysis of Okadaic Acid Group Toxins... 

Puech, L., Dragacci, S., Gleizes, E., and Fremy J-M. (1999) Use of immunoaffinity columns for clean-up of diarrhetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) extracts from shellfish prior to their analysis by HPLC/fluorimetry. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16, 6, 239-251. 

Gauss, C.M. et al., A molecular modeling analysis of the binding interactions between the okadaic acid class of natural product inhibitors and the ser/thr phosphatases, PPl and PP2A, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 5, 1751, 1997. 

Le Hegarat, L. et al., Okadaic acid chromosomal non-disgiunction analysis in human lymphocytes and study of aneugenic pathway in CHO-Kl cells, Mutat. Res., 578, 53, 2005. 

Another variant of PP2A assay is the one reported by Isobe et al. [166] where a firefly bioluminescence system is used for the detection of protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors, in which luciferin phosphate is hydrolyzed to luciferin and inorganic phosphate by protein phosphatase 2A. The recent commercial availability of the phosphatase enzymes, which obviates the need to isolate them from animal tissues, also makes this approach very attractive. However, not all microcystins variants react with protein phosphatase enzymes to a similar extent [161,163] and the assay is sensitive to protein phosphatase inhibitors other than microcystins, such as okadaic acid, tautomycin, and calyculin A. In addition, the cyanobacterial sample itself may contain phosphatase activity that masks the presence of toxins [160]. As a consequence, the lack of specificity of the protein phosphatase inhibition assays requires that additional confirmatory analytical methods be employed for specific analysis of cyanobacterial toxins. 

Okadaic acid toxin Indirect competitive immunosensor using fiber-optic transduction with flow injection analysis 0.1 pgl" Mussel homogenates 20 minutes [147]... 

Marquette C. A., Coulet P. R., and Blum L. J., Semi-automated membrane based chemiluminescent immunosensor for flow injection analysis of okadaic acid in mussels. Anal. Chim. Acta., 398, 173-182, 1999. 

It has also been demonstrated that styrene—DVB copolymer resins Sepabeads SP825, Sepabeads SP850, Optipore L-493, Diaion HP-20, and Amberlite XAD-4, of which the first three have a surface area of 1000 m /g and might be attributed to hypercrosshnked sorbents, accumulate lipophilic marine toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 from Prorocentrum lima cultures [298]. The procedure developed in the study represents a simple and efficient method suitable for solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking in both cultural fiquids and natural waters. The toxins are eluted from the resins with methanol and subjected to LC-MS analysis. 

Figure 1.8 Schematic diagram of the apparatus used for continuous flow automated okadaic acid analysis. A (a) Syringe pump (b) electromagnetic device (c) recorder device and (d) selection valves. B Schematic representation of the rationale relying the flow-based immunoassay. Reproduced from Ref [52] with permission from Elsevier...

Dominguez, H.J., Paz, B., Daranas, A.H., Norte, M., Franco, J.M., and Fernandez, J.J. (2010) Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxm, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid groups Characterization, analysis and human health implications. Toxicon, 56,191-217. 

Flashimoto K, Fliguchi M, Makino B, Sakakibara I, Kubo M, Komatsu Y, Maruno M, Okada M. Quantitative analysis of aristolochic acids, toxic compounds, contained in some medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacology 1999 64 185-189. Vanherweghem JL. Aristolochia sp and chronic interstitial nephropathies in Indians. Lancet 1997 349 1399 (letter). 

Eisenthal R, Peterson ME, Daniel RM et td. (2006) The thermed behaviour of enzyme activity impheations for biotechnology. TIBTECH 24(7) 289-292 Endo J, Tabata M, Okada S, Murachi T (1979) Use of immobilized enzymes in automated clinical analysis determination of uric acid and glucose using immobilized enzymes in column form. Clin Chim Acta 95(2) 411-417. 

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