Analysis electrochemiluminescence

A new cholesterol flow injection analysis biosensor has also been described as an application of the H2O2 ECL sensor56. In that work, the luminol electrochemiluminescence, previously studied in aqueous media, was implemented in Veronal buffer added of 0.3% triton X-100 (v/v), 0.3% PEG and 0.4% cholate to enable the solubilisation of the cholesterol and then its efficient oxidation catalyzed by the immobilized cholesterol oxidase. The ECL reaction occurred thus in a micellar medium and the performances of the H2O2 ECL sensor were investigated. 

Marquette C.A., Blum L.J., Luminol electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensors for flow injection analysis of glucose and lactate in natural samples, Anal. 

Tsafack V. C., Marquette C. A., Leca B., Blum L. J., An electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline flow injection analysis, Analyst 2000 125 151-155. 

There is increasing interest in the use of specific sensor or biosensor detection systems with the FIA technique (Galensa, 1998). Tsafack et al. (2000) described an electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline with flow-injection analysis and Su et al. (1998) reported a flow-injection determination of sulphite in wines and fruit juices using a bulk acoustic wave impedance sensor coupled to a membrane separation technique. Prodromidis et al. (1997) also coupled a biosensor with an FIA system for analysis of citric acid in juices, fruits and sports beverages and Okawa et al. (1998) reported a procedure for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and glucose in soft drinks with an electrochemical filter/biosensor FIA system. 

Assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells can be performed by PCR followed by detection of PCR products by electrochemiluminescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe [Tris-bipyridine ruthenium (II) complex]. Since one of the PCR primers is biotin-labeled at the 5 end, facile capture of the PCR product-probe complex can be accomplished on streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles, prior to analysis in an electrochemiluminescence analyzer (S3). 

Feldberg68,69 has made a valuable analysis of the relationship of the light produced in a double potential step electrochemiluminescence experiment to the current, time, and kinetic parameters involved. The analysis presumes that the reaction which produces excited states is cation-anion radical annihilation which occurs when the radical ions, separately produced, diffuse together in the solution near the electrode. The processes that Feldberg initially considered were eqs. (7)—(13). The assumptions involved are that decay of the excited state... 

Very recently, the electrochemiluminescent (ECL) response of ALP was studied in aqueous media in wide pH range (pH 2-13) using ignition (FI) analysis. It was revealed that ALP itself had no ECL activity but could greatly enhance the ECL of Ru(bpy)3 in alkaline media giving rise to a sensitive FI-ECL response <2006TAL1544>. 

ILs have been used in the CE-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method to determine bioactive constituents in Chinese traditional medicine [58]. CE/Tris(2,2-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3 +) ECL, CE-ECL, with an IL detection system was established to determine bioactive constituents in Chinese traditional medicine opium poppy, which contains large amounts of coexistent substances. Running buffer containing 25 mM borax-8 mM [C2CiIm][BF4] (pH 9.18) was used, which resulted in significant changes in separation selectivity and obvious enhancement in ECL intensities for those alkaloids with similar structures. Quantitative analysis of four alkaloids was... 

Arora, A., de Mello, A.J., Manz, A., Sub-microliter electrochemiluminescence detector — a model for small volume analysis systems. Anal. Commun. 1997, 34(12), 393-395. 

Liu, J., Yan, J., Yang, X., Wang, E., Miniaturized tris(2,2 -bipyiidyl)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence detection cell for capillary electrophoresis and flow injection analysis. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3637-3642. 

The on-line coupling of CE with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) allows high separation efficiency together with high sensitivity and selectivity as well as molecular structural information. A CE-UV-ESI-MS method was developed for the analysis of hoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane derivatives [131]. The differentiation of hyoscyamine from littorine, commonly encountered in plant material, was demonstrated using in-source collision-induced dissociation. The developed method was applied to the analysis of these alkaloids in Belladonna leaf extract and in Datura Candida x D. awreahairy root extract. Recently, CE coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection has been used for the determination of atropine and scopolamine in Flos daturae [132]. 

The formalism presented above makes possible the quantitative prediction of the rates of nonradiative electron transfer from the analysis of charge-transfer spectra, (e.g., [67]), and will probably be very useful in the quantitative interpretation of ECL processes following the E-route (Section 3.1). To our knowledge, however, such an approach to the description of electrochemiluminescence phenomena has not been applied until now. 

A. Arora, A.J. de Mello and A. Manz, Sub-microliter electrochemiluminescence detector—a model for small volume analysis systems, Commun., 34 (1997)... 

Automated chemistry analyzers have traditionally relied on photometers and spectrophotometers for measurement of absorbance. Alternative approaches now being incorporated into analyzers include reflectance photometry and fluorom-etry. Immunoassay systems have used fluorescence (IMX), chemiluminescence (Centaur and Immulite), and electrochemiluminescence (ELECSYS) to enhance sensitivity. Ion-selective electrodes and other electrochemical teclmiques are also widely used. Principles of these measurement techniques have been discussed previously (see Chapter 4). This section reviews the special features and application of the various approaches to automated analysis. 

Horninger, D., Eirikis, E., Pendley, C., Giles Komar, J., Davis, H.M., and Miller, B.E. (2005) A one step, competitive electrochemiluminescence based immunoassay method for the quantification of a fully human anti TNFa antibody in human serum. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38, 703 708. 

Grimshaw, C., Gleason, C., Chojnicki, E., and Young, J. (1997) Development of an equilibrium immunoassay using electrochemiluminescent detection for a novel recom binant protein product and its application to pre clinical product development. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 16, 605 612. 

Many recent applications of chemiluminescence enjoy the protection of patents and some of these applications have been commercialized, e.g., novel chemiluminescent compounds, detectors, and complete assay systems. It is not, however, the purpose of this article to focus on such commercialization and, in keeping with this precept, no patent citations will appear in the reference list. Because of space limitations, certain topics such as bioluminescence, electrochemiluminescence [recently reviewed by Greenway (G12)], and cellular chemiluminescence [see Stanley and Kricka (S41) for an update] will not be covered in this article. Even with the above omissions, it is difficult to provide a comprehensive review of all aspects of chemiluminescence, and one has to exercise a degree of selectivity. The focus will be on what is important in the field of clinical analysis, and an attempt will be made to cover the representative literature. 

Marquette CA, Blum LJ (1998) Electrochemiluminescence of luminol fOT 2,4-D optical immunosensing in a flow injection analysis system. Sens Aetna B-Chem 51(1—3) 1(X)-106. doi 10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00175-0... 

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