Analysis benthic

Sediment Analysis. Sediment is the most chemically and biologically active component of the aquatic environment. Benthic invertebrate and microbial life concentrate in the sediment, a natural sink for precipitated metal forms, and an excellent sorbent for many metal species. TTie extent to which potentially toxic trace element forms bind to sediment is determined by the sediment s binding intensity and capacity and various solution parameters, as well as the concentration and nature of the metal forms of interest. Under some conditions sediment analyses can readily indicate sources of discharged trace elements. 

Benthic invertebrate communities are taxonomically and trophically complex, and their abundance and species composition in a water body often vary seasonally and among years. Sediment-dwelling invertebrates can be readily sampled but considerable effort is often required to remove benthic organisms from grab samples of sediment, to determine their taxonomic composition, and to obtain sufficient sample mass of a target taxon for analysis. Sampling would not substantially affect target populations. 

Kerswell AP (2006) Global biodiversity patterns of benthic marine algae. Ecology 87 2479-2488 Klinger T (1993) The persistence of haplodiploidy in algae. Trends Ecol Evol 8 256-258 Krebs CJ (2001) Ecology the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco... 

Carbonates deposited in freshwater lakes exhibit a wide range in isotopic composition, depending upon the isotopic composition of the rainfall in the catchment area, its amount and seasonality, the temperature, the rate of evaporation, the relative humidity, and the biological productivity. Lake carbonates typically consist of a matrix of discrete components, such as detrital components, authigenic precipitates, neritic, and benthic organisms. The separate analysis of such components has the potential to permit investigation of the entire water column. For example, the oxygen isotopic... 

Graf, G., Schulz, R., Peinert, R. and Meyer-Reil, L.-A., 1983. Benthic response to sedimentation events during autumn to spring at a shallow-water station in the Western Kiel Bight. I. Analysis of processes on a community level. Mar. Biol., 77 235-246. 

Currin, C. A., S. Y. Newell, and H. W. Paerl. 1995. The role of standing dead Spartina alterniflora and benthic microalgae in salt marsh food webs Considerations based on multiple stable isotope analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121 99-116. 

Using the LTF scheme, the study of effluent discharge situations at 16 Ontario pulp and paper mills has illustrated predominantly moderate to strong qualitative relationships between toxicity tests and ecosystem indicators (fish populations and benthic invertebrate communities). Ceriodaphnia- to-benthos, Selenastrum-to-benthos and fathead-to-fish survey relationships were qualitatively rated strong or moderate in 94%, 75% and 60% of the sixteen studies, respectively. Regression analysis of LTF scores has revealed that the relationship between the Ceriodaphnia reproduction test and benthic invertebrate field survey measurements was significant (p < 0.001, r = 0.79). However, there were not sufficient data to determine if this can be used as a predictive tool (Borgmann et al., 2004). 

Schmidt, T.S., Soucek, D.J. and Cherry, D.S. (2002) Modification of an ecotoxicological rating to bioassess small acid mine drainage-impacted watersheds exclusive of benthic macroinvertebrate analysis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21, 1091-1097. 

Norris RH, Georges A. 1993. Analysis and interpretation of benthic macroinvertebrate surveys. In Rosenberg DM, Resh VH, editors. Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New York (NY) Chapman Hall, p 234-286. 

Domoic acid exposure to mammals occurs orally in a matrix of shellfish to human consumers, planktivorous fish and benthic invertebrates to marine mammals, and perhaps zooplankton and chained diatoms to whales. Analysis of the consumed mussels from the 1987 exposure indicated that 1 mg/kg was sufficient to induce gastrointestinal symptoms and 4.5 mg/kg could induce neurological effects in humans (Perl et al. 1990). Experimental studies in monkeys, rats and mice have utilized oral gavage, intraparenteal, and intravenous exposure routes and determined that oral gavage is about ten times less effective that the other routes of exposure (Iverson et al. 1990). Humans appear much more sensitive than either monkeys or rats, which when dosed orally have no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL) at 5 and 28 mg/kg, respectively. Experimental animals have permitted evaluation of different dose scenarios. A daily NOAEL oral gavage of domoic acid to rats for... 

Revsbech, N. P., Christensen, P. B., and Nielsen, L. P. (1989). Microelectrode analysis of photosynthetic and respiratory processes in microbial mats. In Microbial Mats Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities (Rosenberg, E. ed.). Am. Soc. Microbiol.pp. 153-161. 

Middelburg, J. J., Soetaert, K., and Herman, P. M. J. (1996). Evaluation of the nitrogen isotope-pairing method for measuring benthic denitrofication A simulation analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41(8), 1839-1844. 

The most recent analysis of comparisons between benthic foram and direct sea-level records has been presented by Cutler et al. (2003). These comparisons, coupled with LGM pore-fluid data (Schrag et al., 1996), demonstrate that deep-sea temperatures changed significantly. The Cutler et al. (2003) separations of ice volume and temperature components of benthic Atlantic (EW9209-1 Curry and Oppo, 1997) and Pacific (V19-30 Shackleton et al., 1983) records are shown in Figure 9. Temperatures reach values near the freezing point at the LGM in both the... 

Matthews, G.B., R.A. Matthews, and B. Hachmoller. 1991. Mathematical analysis of temporal and spatial trends in the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of a small stream. Can.. Fish. Acjuat. Sci.. 48 2184—2190. 

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