Benthic forams-

History of Marine Oxygen Isotope Measurements and Sea Level 4.2 Comparison of Direct Sea-level and Benthic Foram Records. 4.3 Or O-based Sea-level Records... 

Comparison of Direct Sea-level and Benthic Foram Records... 

The most recent analysis of comparisons between benthic foram and direct sea-level records has been presented by Cutler et al. (2003). These comparisons, coupled with LGM pore-fluid data (Schrag et al., 1996), demonstrate that deep-sea temperatures changed significantly. The Cutler et al. (2003) separations of ice volume and temperature components of benthic Atlantic (EW9209-1 Curry and Oppo, 1997) and Pacific (V19-30 Shackleton et al., 1983) records are shown in Figure 9. Temperatures reach values near the freezing point at the LGM in both the... 

Benthic materieils 35-200 Branching coraline algae, forams, planktonic feeders MoUusks, benthic forams, echinoid fragments Mg-calcite... 

Echinoids-HMC Red algae-HMC Benthic forams-HMC Deep-sea corals-HMC Inorganic calcite-LMC Mytiloids-LMC Brachipods-LMC Planktonic forams-LMC Infaunal bivalves-LMC chemosymbiorrt ... 

In the present-day ocean, about half of the PIC exported to oceanic sediments consists of the remains of foraminiferans. These microorganisms are protozoans. They are widespread in the marine environment with some species having a pelagic lifestyle and others benthic. As shown in Figure 15.1a, their calcareous structures have the appearance of a chambered snail shell and are composed of the mineral calcite. Since this hard part is covered by tissue, it is technically a type of skeleton. These detrital remains are referred to as tests or forams. Among the present-day and extinct species of foraminiferans, considerable variation exists in the size, shape, and density of their tests. 

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