Anaerobic marine bacteria

Arnosti, C., and D. J. Repeta. 1994b. Oligosaccharide degradation by anaerobic marine bacteria Characterization of an experimental system to study polymer degradation in sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 39 1865-1877. 

CS2 and COS occur in the atmosphere in significant amounts - CS2, 3.8-4.7 Tg S yr-1, COS, 2.7-3.5 Tg S yr-1 one-fifth to one quarter of these amounts are probably anthropogenic. Biogenic CS2 mainly originates in marine settings - anaerobic sediments (bacteria) and salt marshes with a role for Spartina alterniflora.6,10 Some terrestrial plants produce CS2 and tree roots are another source, usually after cutting or wetting. A tree of central America, Stryphnodendron excelsum. can be detected by its CS2 odor.10... 

FIGURE 2 Degradation of pullulan (MW 200,000) in replicate anaerobic enrichment cultures of marine bacteria from anoxic sediments. Open circles show total pullulan concentrations remaining in the medium at each time point. The molecular weight distribution of the pullulan is shown by the stacked bars white >10,000 Da, stripes 5000 Da, black <1200 Da. Note that the lower molecular weight fraction progressively accumulated between 50 and 64 h. [Data from Arnosti et al. (1994).]... 

If DMS concentrations at the surface of the ocean are presumed to be at steady state, production must balance loss. The fate of DMS is thought to be evasion across the sea surface into the marine atmospheric boundary layer. However, since rates of DMS production are unknown, it is impossible to compare production with flux to the atmosphere, which is relatively well constrained. An alternative sink for DMS in seawater is microbial consumption. The ability of bacteria to metabolize DMS in anaerobic environments is well documented (32-341. Data for aerobic metabolism of DMS are fewer (there are at present none for marine bacteria), but Sivela and Sundman (25) and de Bont et al. (25) have described non-marine aerobic bacteria which utilize DMS as their sole source of carbon. It is likely that bacterial turnover of DMS plays a major role in the DMS cycle in seawater. 

Sorensen, J., Christensen, D. and Jorgensen, B.B., 1981. Volatile fatty acids and hydrogen as substrates for sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic marine sediment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 42 5-11. 

Rhodobacter sulfIdophllus was first isolated by Hansen and Veldkamp (1) in 1973 from marine mud flats of the Netherlands as a new species of facultative anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the Rhodospirillaceae. This bacterium has unique characteristics regarding the utilization of hydrogen sulfide and a remarkably high sulfide tolerance for a member of the Rhodospirillaceae. However, little research has been done on this bacterium, except for studies on sulfate metabolism (2). 

Despite the promising performance of newly studied enzymes in the laboratory, their application in the industrial milieu might fail due to their lack of robustness. However, as anaerobic, extremophilic, and marine bacteria might be a source of enzymes with superior chances of success in biotechnological processes, a great deal of laboratory effort has been concentrated on their production and characterization. Furthermore, the design of novel enzymes as well as molecular approaches such as enzyme evolution and metagenomic approaches can be used to identify and develop novel biocatalysts from uncultured bacteria—a treasure of unknown proteins. 

Dissimilatory sulfate reducers such as Desul-fovibrio derive their energy from the anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds such as lactic acid and acetic acid. Sulfate is reduced and large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are generated in this process. The black sediments of aquatic habitats that smell of sulfide are due to the activities of these bacteria. The black coloration is caused by the formation of metal sulfides, primarily iron sulfide. These bacteria are especially important in marine habitats because of the high concentrations of sulfate that exists there. 

Interest in the possible persistence of aliphatic sulfides has arisen since they are produced in marine anaerobic sediments, and dimethylsulfide may be implicated in climate alteration (Charlson et al. 1987). Dimethylsnlfoniopropionate is produced by marine algae as an osmolyte, and has aronsed attention for several reasons. It can be the source of climatically active dimethylsulfide (Yoch 2002), so the role of specific bacteria has been considered in limiting its flux from the ocean and deflecting the prodncts of its transformation into the microbial sulfur cycle (Howard et al. 2006). 

Their activities in desulfurization lead to a hybrid process, protected under the title of Method for electrobiologically desulfurizing petroleum [143], awarded to the Marine Biotechnology Institute by the Japanese Patent Office [143], This method is based on contacting anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria with petroleum under anaerobic condition or microaerophilic conditions. The bacteria used belonged to Proteobacteria or Thiomicrospira bacteria. 

Molecular hydrogen is an important intermediate in the degradation of organic matter by microorganisms in anoxic habitats such as freshwater and marine sediments, wet land soils, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals. In these particular conditions H2 is produced during fermentation of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins by anaerobic bacteria and,... 

There is considerable interest in the role of formic acid and other volatile fatty acids in the early diagnosis of organic matter in lacustrine and marine sediments. Formic acid is an important fermentation product or substrate for many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for some yeasts, hi the atmosphere, formic acid is an important product in the photochemical oxidation of organic matter. 

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