Ammonium chloride, oxidation state

Molybdenum blue method. When arsenic, as arsenate, is treated with ammonium molybdate solution and the resulting heteropolymolybdoarsenate (arseno-molybdate) is reduced with hydrazinium sulphate or with tin(II) chloride, a blue soluble complex molybdenum blue is formed. The constitution is uncertain, but it is evident that the molybdenum is present in a lower oxidation state. The stable blue colour has a maximum absorption at about 840 nm and shows no appreciable change in 24 hours. Various techniques for carrying out the determination are available, but only one can be given here. Phosphate reacts in the same manner as arsenate (and with about the same sensitivity) and must be absent. 

In an individual molten carbamide, the electrode processes are feebly marked at melt decomposition potentials because of its low electrical conductivity. Both electrode processes are accompanied by gas evolution (NH3, CO, C02, N2) and NH2CN (approximately) is formed in melt. In eutectic carbamide-chloride melts electrode processes take place mainly independently of each other. The chlorine must evolve at the anode during the electrolysis of carbamide - alkali metal and ammonium chloride melts, which were revealed in the electrolysis of the carbamide-KCl melt. But in the case of simultaneous oxidation of carbamide and NH4CI, however, a new compound containing N-Cl bond has been found in anode gases instead of chlorine. It is difficult to fully identify this compound by the experimental methods employed in the present work, but it can be definitely stated that... 

Lanthanum in purified metallic state may be obtained from its purified oxide or other salts. One such process involves heating the oxide with ammonium chloride or ammonium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid at 300° to 400° C in a tantalum or tungsten crucible. This is followed by reduction with alkali or alkaline earth metals at 1,000°C under argon or in vacuum. 

R. Ehrenfeld found that the carbamate in commercial ammonium chloride is not reduced by hydrogen at the cathode during electrolysis. If the current be rapidly reversed during the electrolysis of soln. of commercial carbonate (containing carbamate), with platinum electrodes, E. Drechsel found after 8 hrs. a salt of a platinum base is contained in the soln. There is also formed in the first or oxidation state NH40.C0.NH2+0=H20+C02(NH2)2 and this undergoes a further... 

Cisplatin is a neutral square planar coordination complex with two chloride and ammonium ligands in the cis-configuration. The compounds with trans-configuration are mostly devoid of activity. Pt exists in two main oxidation states, namely Pt [Pt(II) and Pt4+ Pt(IV)]. In the latter, two of the ligands are located axially directly above and below the square plane, which results in an octahedral configuration. Although many of the Pt(IV) derivatives exhibit anticancer activity, only the Pt(II) complexes with cis-configuration have become widely applied in the clinical practice [2]. 

The reaction is not disturbed by silver or copper, or by iron(III), chromium or aluminium in the presence of ammoniacal tartrate solution if zinc is present, ammonium chloride should first be added cobalt(III) ions represss the sensitivity and should be oxidized to the tervalent state with hydrogen peroxide iron(II) interferes and should be oxidized and alkaline tartrate solution added before applying the test. 

Ammonium carbonates.4—The normal carbonate, (NH4)2C03,H20, is produced by the action of ammonia on the solid commercial carbonate (p. 239) or its aqueous solution, and also by a similar process from ammonium carbamate.5 On account of its insolubility in concentrated ammonia solution, the salt crystallizes out. It can also be prepared by dry distillation of the commercial product, or by crystallization from a solution in dilute alcohol.5 It is also produced by heating barium or strontium carbonate with ammonium chloride or nitrate,6 and is stated to be formed by heating a mixture of nitric oxide and acetylene in presence of spongy platinum.7... 

Most ionic halides dissolve in water to give hydrated metal ions and halide ions. However, the lanthanide and actinide elements in the +3 and +4 oxidation states form fluorides insoluble in water. Fluorides of Li, Ca, Sr, and Ba also are sparingly soluble, the lithium compound being precipitated by ammonium fluoride. Lead gives a sparingly soluble salt PbCIF, which can be used for gravimetric determination of F . The chlorides, bromides, and iodides of Ag1, Cu1, Hg1, and Pbn are also quite insoluble. The solubility through a series of mainly ionic halides of a... 

The organic complex was dissolved in a 0.1 M tetra- -butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAH) solution in methylene chloride and introduced to the SEC cell at —25 °C to ensure stability of the oxidised species. The ketone stretch was examined in the (0), ( + 1), and (+2) states. Single sharp v(CO) bands were observed in the (0) and (+2) oxidation states, while two peaks of halfintensity were observed in the ( + 1) state (Figure 5.16). The maxima of these peaks were not shifted from the peaks for the (0) and (+2) oxidation states. 

One sees that the oxidation state equals the charge of the ion. The cations are normally named just by adding ion after the name of the element (Mg = magnesium ion) whereas the suffix -id replaces the suffix of the element for anions (Cf = chloride). For composite ions, a shared (total) oxidation number is used. This shared oxidation state is the sum of all the oxidation states for the different ions in the composite ion. Uncharged atoms have the oxidation number of zero. The ammonium ion and hydroxide are both examples of composite ions ... 

Platinum oxide (0.2 g) is suspended in water (10 ml) and reduced by hydrogen, then the ketone (0.3 mole), ammonium chloride (20 g, 0.37 mole), saturated methanolic ammonia solution (225 ml), and aqueous ammonia (25 ml) are added, and the mixture is hydrogenated at 1-3 atm. The following are among the amines prepared from the corresponding ketones, in the yields stated, by this method 4-methyl-2-pentanamine (57-65%), 4-heptanamine (40 to 60%), 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanamine (55%), and (x-methylbenzylamine (69%).1002... 

Adding ammonium chloride decreases the solubility of aluminum hydroxide and prevents the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide. Scott 13) states that the precipitation of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and zinc sulfides may be incomplete because of the formation of polysulfides in the presence of air or other oxidizing agents. A small amount of ammonium sulfite is therefore added to promote their precipitation. In spite of this precaution, cobalt, nickel, and manganese were never quantitatively recovered and the procedure is not considered entirely satisfactory for these elements. 

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