Ammonium chloride handling

CH2=CHC = CCH = CH2. a colourless liquid which turns yellow on exposure to the air it has a distinct garlic-like odour b.p. 83-5°C. Manufactured by the controlled, low-temperature polymerization of acetylene in the presence of an aqueous solution of copper(I) and ammonium chlorides. It is very dangerous to handle, as it absorbs oxygen from the air to give an explosive peroxide. When heated in an inert atmosphere, it polymerizes to form first a drying oil and finally a hard, brittle insoluble resin. Reacts with chlorine to give a mixture of chlorinated products used as drying oils and plastics. 

O-Acetyl-p-methylcholine chloride [Methacholine chloride, Amechol, Provocholine, 2-acetoxypropyl-ammonium chloride] [62-51-1] M 195.7, m 170-173", 172-173". It forms white hygroscopic needles from Et20 and is soluble in H2O, EtOH and CHCI3. It decomposes readily in alkaline solns and slowly in H2O. It should be handled and stored in a dry atmosphere. The bromide is less... 

The solvent-free material, isolated at — 70°C, disproportionates violently (sometimes explosively) at — 50°C to ammonium chloride and nitrogen trichloride [1]. Ethereal solutions of chloramine are readily handled [2], In the preparation of chloramine by reaction of sodium hypochlorite with ammonia, care is necessary to avoid excess chlorine in the preparation of the hypochlorite from sodium hydroxide, because nitrogen trichloride may be formed in the subsequent reaction with ammonia [3]. 

Solid sodamide and potassium metal. Both of these substances undergo surface oxidation to give oxide films which may initiate explosions when the samples are handled. In the case of potassium, surface oxidation occurs even when the metal is stored under oil, and the act of paring off the oxide film with a knife may initiate an explosion. Samples of potassium which are heavily encrusted with oxide should not be used but should be carefully destroyed by adding the lumps to a large excess of propan-2-ol. Similarly, old or obviously encrusted (yellow) lumps of sodamide (Section 4.2.67) should not be ground in a pestle and mortar, but should be destroyed by mixing with solid ammonium chloride. 

V) chloride and ammonium chloride.1-3 The use of an inert solvent to maintain a reaction temperature of 130 to 145° facilitates handling and improves the yield of distillable material.4... 

In the first process EDC reacts with an excess of aqueous ammonia at about 180°C and 10 to 20 atmospheres. Diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine are also formed in secondary reactions of the ethylenediamine with EDC. Caustic is added to neutralize the crude product and free the ethylenediamine, the higher amines and the ammonia from the amine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride. The chloride salts are a waste that must be properly handled. The crude product is refined by fractionation. The unreacted ammonia is recycled, and the amines are purified. The yield of EDA is about 609c46. 

Trimethylorthoformate 17 is a highly activated Cl building block and a formic acid equivalent which is commonly applied in organic condensation reactions. 17 can be produced on an industrial scale by two major routes. The first starts with chloroform and sodium methanolate, but produces 3 equiv. of sodium chloride as waste. The second route is based on the acidic methanolysis of cyanhydric acid, which also produces stoichiometric amounts of ammonium chloride. Despite the reduced salt waste, the use and handling of cyanhydric acid mean high safety costs. Therefore, anodic methoxylation of formaldehyde dimethylacetal (16) to... 

Ammonia solution (concentrated). The commercial concentrated ammonia solution is a water-like liquid with a characteristic smell, owing to the evaporation of ammonia gas. It has a density of 090 gem-3, contains 58-6% (w/w) NH3 (or 0-53 g NH3 per ml), and is approximately 15 1 molar. It should be handled with care, wearing eye protection. Direct smelling of the solution should be avoided. The solution should be kept far apart from concentrated hydrochloric acid to avoid the formation of ammonium chloride fumes. 

Previously, this was done with pyrolusite, but modem processes use arsenic acid (with 2-aminoanthraquinone) and sodium m-nitrobenzenesulfonate (with 1-amino-anthraquinone). The sulfite can ako be removed by precipitation with alkaline earth chlorides, e.g., barium chloride. The procedure given above has the advantage that it yields a product which is practically ash-free. The ammonium chloride is added to neutralize the alkali formed in the reaction (the arsenite forrned acts as free sodium hydroxide). The mother liquors, which contain arsenious acid, are poisonous, of course, and must be handled carefully. They are usually treated with milk ef lime to render them harmless. The toxicity of such waste products is frequently ovo emphasized if they are discharged into large streams, for example, ftey rarely poison the fish. In plant operations, the excess anunonia is collected and used over without further treataent For a general discussion of the sulfonation of anthraquinone, see page 56 ff. 

Dimethylphenylphosphine is a ligand commonly used to prepare a large range of transition metal-organophosphorus complexes. This basic phosphine is easy to handle and presents a small cone angle.1,2 It is usually prepared in 40-50% yield by reaction of a solution of methylmagnesium halide with phenylphosphonous dichloride followed by hydrolysis with an excess of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution.3 4 In the present preparation the yield has been greatly increased (to 85%). 

Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L (1997) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC) and Kathon LX in a starch modification factory. Contact Dermatitis 36 191-194 Fischer T, Fregert S, Thulin I, Trulsson L (1987) Unhardened epoxy resin in tool handles. Contact Dermatitis 16 45 Flyvholm M-A (1991) Contact allergens in registered chemical products. Contact Dermatitis 25 49-56 Freeman K, Warin AP (1984) Contact dermatitis due to bisphenol A in semi-synthetic waxes. Contact Dermatitis 11 259-260 Fregert S (1975) Occupational dermatitis in a 10-year material. Contact Dermatitis 1 96-107... 

OCT is composed of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Follow the manufacturer s guidelines for handling OCT. 

Precautions in Handling. Ammonium bifluoride, like all soluble fluorides, is toxic if taken internally. Hydrofluoric acid bums may occur if the material comes in contact with moist skin. Ammonium bifluoride solutions should be thoroughly washed from the skin with mildly alkaline soap as soon as possible however, if contact has been prolonged, the affected areas should be soaked with 0.13% solution of Zephiran chloride, or 0.2% Hyamine 1622 (Lonza, Inc.) or calcium gluconate, the treatment recommended for hydrofluoric acid bums. If any of these solutions come in contact with the eyes, they should be washed with water for at least 10 min and a physician should be consulted. 

The most outstanding property of the perchlorates is their oxidising abiUty. On heating, these compounds decompose into chlorine, chlorides, and oxygen gas. Aqueous perchlorate solutions exhibit Httle or no oxidising power when dilute or cold. However, hot concentrated perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizer and whenever it contacts oxidizable matter extreme caution is required. The acidified concentrated solutions of perchlorate salts must also be handled with caution. Ammonium perchlorate [7790-98-9] (AP) is one of the most important perchlorates owing to its high (54.5%) O2 content and the... 

Shipment ndStora.ge. The crystalline material is shipped as a nonha2ardous material, in polyethylene-lined fiber dmms. The solution can be shipped in dmms or bulk. Suitable materials of constmction for handling ammonium thiocyanate are aluminum, 316 stainless steel, mbber, poly(vinyl chloride), and glass-reinforced epoxy. Steel, 304 stainless steel, and copper alloys should be avoided (375,376). 

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