Ammonia Poisoning

CDC hazardous chemical category choking/lung/pulmonary agent 

Converted to ammonium hydroxide aerosol when mixed with water in mucous membranes (eyes, oral mucosa, airways), causing thermal and chemical liquefaction tissue necrosis 

conjunctivae - swelling (edema) Eyes, cornea - ulcer Eyes, tearing - excess (lacrimation) Eyes, vision - loss [2] 

vision - blurred Eyes - irritation Eyes - pain Eyes - swollen Head - pain (headache) 

Mood - irritable Mood - restless Mouth - burning Mouth - swelling [3] 

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Figure 7.21 shows the results for the ammonia synthesis on real catalysts in a reactor. The surface is predominantly covered by atomic nitrogen and by NH intermediates. This actually limits the rate of the reaction as soon as an appreciable partial pressure of ammonia has built up. In fact, ammonia poisons the reaction. 

OH concentration from ammonia poisoning at room temperature. 

Results obtained by Hopkins (161) substantiated Benesi s ammonia poisoning observations. The activities for n-hexane and n-heptane cracking... 

The significance of ammonia in clinical disease was broadened markedly when it was discovered that ammonia poisoning might be the mechanism of the cerebral symptoms associated with chronic heart failure. It has been known for a long time that the mental symptoms associated with heart failure could not be correlated with the oxygen supply to the brain, which remains, in most cases, adequate. The work of A. N. Bessman (B4) demonstrated that the ammonia content of the blood was elevated in heart failure, probably due to the chronic passive congestion of the liver which prevented the liver from removing the normally formed ammonia from the portal system. When the blood ammonia fell, the mental symptoms of heart failure were relieved. This has been confirmed by Calkins and Delph (Cl), who studied twenty-six cases of heart failure and found the blood ammonia to be elevated only in the two patients who had mental symptoms. 

Mulder, J.S., and H.O.Van der Zalm. 1967. A fatal case of ammonia poisoning. [In Dutch]. Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geneeskunde 45 458 160. 

Also, respiratory distress with lung disorders osteomalacia on anti-convulsants metabolic acidosis/ coma in renal deficiency/diabetic nephropathy ammonia poisoning with cirrhosis hypo-potassium enhanced trough levels of cyclosporine. 

Intravitreal injection of 0.2 ml of 10 M solution into vitreous humor of rabbits has caused inflammation, chorioretinitis, and degeneration of retina. Urea mixed with soy meal is particularly dangerous, as urease in the latter leads to formation of ammonia. Poisoning of cattle may also be caused by urea as fertilizer and spread unevenly on pasture lambs given 2gkg of urea died in 90-200 min. Adult sheep given same dose exhibited almost continuous convulsions after 165 min. 

Acute respiratory distress syndrome Ammonia poisoning Chlorine poisoning Congestive heart failure... 

Ammonia poisoning Benzene poisoning Chlorine poisoning Lewisite... 

Ammonia poisoning Arsine poisoning Barium poisoning Benzene poisoning Bromine poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning Chlorine poisoning Cholera... 

Ammonia poisoning Avian influenza Botulism Brucellosis Chickenpox Chlorine poisoning Cholera Glanders... 

Ammonia poisoning, 281-284 Avian influenza, 10-14 Benzene poisoning, 297-300 Botulism, 19-24 Bromine poisoning, 304-307 Carbon monoxide poisoning, 312-316 Chlorine poisoning, 317-320 Cyanide poisoning, 325-329 Dengue, 55-59... 

Minder of chief of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Takaji Kunimatsu Ammonia poisoning in Yokohama subway [35]... 

Mulder IS, VanderZalm HO. 1967. [Fatal case of ammonia poisoning.] T Soc Genecsk 45 458. (German)... 

Liquid. Intense odor of ammonia, Poisonous Handle in hood onlyt Strongly alkaline. Polymerizes easily, df 0.8321. mp -73.96. bp 56-57. 1.412. Vapor press. 

NHs adsorption microcalorimetry has been used to characterize the acid sites of a H-USY zeolite and another USY sample in which the strong Lewis acid sites were poisoned with ammonia. Poisoning of the Lewis acid sites did not affect the rate of deactivation, the cracking activity, or the distribution of cracked products during 2-methylpentane cracking. Thus, strong Lewis acid sites do not seem to play any important role in cracking reactions [148]. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, mouse) 2250 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 410 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing. and IV routes ing. untypical, but large doses may cause nausea, vomiting, possibly ammonia poisoning (tremor, confusion, anxiety, coma) pract. nontoxic by inh. high cones, of dust can cause coughing, mild temporary irritation cones, sol ns. may cause eye and mild skin irritation dust may cause mild temporary eye pain TSCA listed... 

Szelenyi, I., Farkas, I., Desi, I. and Nemesanszky, E. Effect of magnesium orotate glycinate on the brain electric activity after experimental ammonia poisoning. Arzneim. Forsch., 21, 789-791 (1971) (Germ.)... 

Ammonia may be stored at 8 bar as a liquid. Because proton exchange fuel cells are very sensitive to ammonia poisoning, hydrogen produced from ammonia decomposition is mostly applied in connection with alkaline fuel cells (see Section 2.3.2). 

A brief summary of ammonia poisoning results in the literature is provided. However, little modeling work has been completed and no models are described. While there is consensus that there is an effect of ammonia on proton conductivity, other effects on the anode and crossover to the cathode are not uniformly supported by the existing literature. 

Another important aspect, on which more attenhon should be paid, is more detailed kinetic models for differenf phenomena. A more detailed kinetic model for platinum alloys as the catalysts is needed. There has been much experimental work to investigate all of these alloys however, the reaction kinetics for all the alloys have not been fully identified. This is also the case for ammonia poisoning as well as contamination by mixtures. More... 

Other studies reveal similar results. They show that ammonia levels as low as 0.3 ppm in the hydrogen stream negatively affect the fuel cell over time [8]. Recovery seems possible in the case of ammonia poisoning. In general, performance increases when the fuel cell is switched to pure hydrogen feed streams. This is likely because ammonium ions have a mechanism to... 

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