Ammonia Ostwald process

Most of the modem manufacture of nitric acid is done by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia (Ostwald process). Other now outdated processes include the reaction of sodium nitrate with sulfuric acid and direct synthesis from N2 and 02 by the arc process at temperatures in excess of 2,000°C. Once cheap ammonia became available these processes were no longer economical. 

Synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2 (Haber—Bosch process) Oxidation of ammonia (Ostwald process)... 

H.20 The first stage in the production of nitric acid by the Ostwald process is the reaction of ammonia gas with oxygen gas, producing nitric oxide gas, NO, and liquid water. The nitric oxide further reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide gas, which, when dissolved in water, produces nitric acid and nitric oxide. Write the three balanced equations that lead to the production of nitric acid. 

C15-0098. The first step in the Ostwald process for the synthesis of nitric acid is the combustion of ammonia ... 

Ammonia is also the starting material for the production of nitric acid, and the first step is oxidation of ammonia by the Ostwald process. 

In the early 1900s, it was discovered that ammonia could be oxidized in the presence of a platinum catalyst (the Ostwald process). 

One of the steps in the Ostwald process for the production of nitric acid involves the oxidation of ammonia. 

Transition metals and their compounds are used as catalysts. Catalysts you may already know are Iron In the Haber process (Industrial production of ammonia) platinum in the Ostwald process (Industrial production of nitric acid) and platinum, rhodium and palladium In catalytic converters. 

Currently, nitric acid is manufactured exclusively by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Platinum or platinum-rhodium is an effective catalyst of this oxidation (Ostwald process). Three basic steps in such ammonia oxidation process are (1) oxidation of ammonia to form nitric oxide ... 

The Germans need to supplant Chilean saltpeter supply, which could be cut off by enemy blockades, led to the search for methods to synthesize nitrates. The reaction required a supply of ammonia, which was economically synthesized by Fritz Haber (1868—1934) before World War I (see Ammonia). Ammonia could then be converted to nitric acid through the Ostwald process and then nitric acid can be reacted with bases to produce nitrates (see Nitric Acid) KOH + HNO 4 - KNO. + HO... 

Ostwald process The production of nitric acid by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia, overall order The sum of the powers to which individual concentrations are raised in the rate law of a reaction. Example If the rate = [S02][S03]" l/2, then the overall order is f. 

PROBLEM 8.16 Use the information in Table 8.2 to calculate AH° (in kilojoules) for the reaction of ammonia with 02 to yield nitric oxide (NO) and H20(g)/ a steP m the Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid. 

Nitric acid is produced industrially by the multistep Ostwald process, which involves (1) air oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide at about 850°C over a platinum-rhodium catalyst, (2) rapid oxidation of the nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, and (3) disproportionation of N02 in water ... 

Researchers returned to the oxidation of ammonia in air, (recorded as early as 1798) in an effort to improve production economics. In 1901 Wilhelm Ostwald had first achieved the catalytic oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. The gaseous nitrogen oxides produced could be easily cooled and dissolved in water to produce a solution of nitric acid. This achievement began the search for an economic process route. By 1908 the first commercial facility for production of nitric acid, using this new catalytic oxidation process, was commissioned near Bochum in Germany. The Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process came into operation in 1913, leading to the continued development and assured future of the ammonia oxidation process for the production of nitric acid. 

The Ostwald process is the basis for the modem family of processes that make nitric acid by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Wilhelm Ostwald, a German physical chemist, discovered it in 1900. The process was used by Germany during World War I to make explosives after the Allied blockade cut off the regular German supply of nitrites from Chile and other places96. 

In the Ostwald process ammonia is catalytically oxidized in a heterogeneous reaction. The key steps in the process are 1) Oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide (NO), 2) Oxidation of NO to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and 3) Absorption ofN02 in water to produce nitric acid. These steps are summarized in the following sections91,97. 

The major deposits of alkali nitrates found in Chile were vital for making nitric acid, which is necessary to prepare almost all types of explosives and propellants. Of course, nitric acid is now obtained by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia by the Ostwald process (see Chapter 12). 

EnviNOx Two related processes for removing N20 and NOx from the tailgases from nitric acid manufacture by the Ostwald process. Both variants use two beds of two zeolite catalysts modified with iron. The first variant is for gases hotter than 425°C and involves injecting ammonia between the beds. The second variant, for gases cooler than 425°C, injects ammonia before the first bed and a volatile hydrocarbon between the beds. Developed by Uhde in association with Agrolinz Melamine International. The first variant was installed in Linz, Austria, in 2003. The second variant was installed in Egypt in 2007. The catalysts are supplied by Sud-Chemie. 

This reaction is used for the synthesis of nitric acid in the Ostwald process (see Section 7.8.1). Without catalysts, and at higher temperatures, ammonia bums in an oxygen atmosphere with a pale yellow flame forming the thermodynamically favorable products dinitrogen and water (AH = -1267kJmol ). At high pressures, mixtures of ammonia and oxygen are explosive. 

Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process. In the first step ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide ... 

The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen involves the following steps ... 

Ostwald process a commercial process for producing nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia. (19.2)... 

Nitric acid is currently almost exclusively produced by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia using the Ostwald process (1902). The reaction of sodium nitrate (Chile niter, the only nitrate occurring naturally in large quantities) with sulfuric acid, operated at the turn of the century, has not been economic since the emergence of the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process shortly before World War 1. The... 

Ostwald process. An industrial process that produces oxide and nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen... 

Nitro acid, 17-31, for guncotton, 93 for I nitroglycerine, 88 manufacture from ammonia, 28, 29 manufacture from atmosphere, 21-28 manufacture from Chile saltpetre, 17-20 properties of 29, 30 Ostwald process, 28, 29 red fuming, 30 spe cific gravity of, 30 S statistics, 31 transport of, 30 vacuum process, 20 Nitric organism, 5... 

Ostwald process for nitric acid, 13, 28, 66 Otto-Hilgenstock ammonia recovery process, 45... 

The companies immediately signed contracts with Ostwald that would have made the chemist a very rich man if his triumph had been real. Within months, however, a young researcher from Germany s largest chemical company, the BASF, debunked it. The newly hired engineer, twenty-six-year-old Garl Bosch, demonstrated that Ostwald hadn t created any ammonia his process merely released ammonia that was already present in small quantities within the iron catalyst itself Ostwald, red-faced, withdrew his patent application and abandoned ammonia research altogether. 

A third and increasingly important supply of ammonia (and nitrate) is provided by anthropogenic nitrogen fixation, based on the Haber-Bosch (and Ostwald) process. Biogenic and anthropogenic reductive N2 conversion are compared in Table 4.8 ... 

Nitric acid is one of the most important inorganic acids. It is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, drugs, and explosives. The major industrial method of producing nitric acid is the Ostwald process. The starting materials, ammonia and molecular oxygen, are heated in the presence of a platinum-rhodium catalyst (Figure 13.22) to about 800°C ... 

The Ostwald process is a series of three reactions used for the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia. 

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