Anthropogenic Nitrogen Fixation

Galloway J. N. et al. (1995). Nitrogen fixation Anthropogenic enhancement - environmental response. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9,235-252. 

Galloway, J.N. Schlesinger, W.H. Levy, I.H. Michaels, A. and J.L. Schnoor, (1995) Nitrogen fixation anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response.- Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9, 235-252. 

Galloway, J. N., Schlesinger, W. H., Levy, H., II, Michaels, A., and Schnoor, J. L. (1995). Nitrogen fixation Anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9(2), 235-252. 

Galloway JN, Schlesinger WH, Levy H, Michaels A, and Schnoor JL (1995) Nitrogen fixation anthropogenic enhancement - environmental reponse. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9 235-252. 

Nitrogen fixation is the processes by which N2 is converted to any nitrogen compound where nitrogen has a nonzero oxidation state. Historically, the most common process has been the biologically driven reduction of N2 to NH3 or NH4. However, currently anthropogenic ally enhanced nitrogen fixation dominates on continents (see Section 8.12.4). 

Figure 6a. Plot of river nitrogen export versus net human-derived nitrogen inputs to each of the temperate regions (all European and North American region, except the Western Gulf of Mexico) net inputs are equal to the sum of anthropogenic NOy deposition, fertilizer inputs, nitrogen fixation by crops, and the net import or export of nitrogen in food and feed. (Howarth, 1996).

Hydrazine occurs naturally as a product of nitrogen fixation by some algae and in tobacco and tobacco smoke (lARC 1974). However, the major environmental sources of hydrazine are anthropogenic. There are no known natural sources of dimethylhydrazines. The estimated total annual environmental release of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine from manufacture and processing reported to the... 

A third and increasingly important supply of ammonia (and nitrate) is provided by anthropogenic nitrogen fixation, based on the Haber-Bosch (and Ostwald) process. Biogenic and anthropogenic reductive N2 conversion are compared in Table 4.8 ... 

Table 4.8 Comparison of biogenic and anthropogenic nitrogen fixation.

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