Ammonia emission factors

Table 2 Ammonia emission factors from cattle in the UK...

Battye, R., W, Battye, C. Overcash and S. Fudge (1994) Development and selection of ammonia emission factors. Report EPA-600/R-94-190, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA... 

Canh T T, Aamink A J A, Verstegen M W A and Schrama J W (1998), Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs , J Anim Sci, 76, 1123-1130. 

Ammonia volatilization from fertilizers is a function of the type of fertilizer, soil conditions, meteorological conditions-temperature, wind speed, precipita-tion-and fertilizer management. Table 8.6 shows the global use of nitrogenous fertilizers and the corresponding NH3 emissions based on empirical emission factors for different fertilizer types in temperate and tropical conditions (Bouwman... 

A recent analysis of the emissions and their discharge rates allows gaseous pollutant emission factors per tonne of ammonia produced to be estimated for relatively old and newer production facilities (Table 11.6). 

Wilhelm LR et al. University of Tennessee at Knoxville Emission data and production information wiii be gathered from faciiities country-wide for pouitry and swine buiidings. Evaiuation of factors reiated to ammonia emissions wiii be conducted, and cost-effective approaches for reducing emissions considered and evaiuated. Hatch... 

It is likely that natural ecosystems (forest, grassland) emit no or only small amounts of ammonia because normally there is a deficit of fixed nitrogen in landscapes. Reported emissions factors over forests span three orders of magnitude and are likely be influenced by re-emission of wet deposited ammonium. Older publications considerably overestimated emission by using simple models considering soil ammonium concentrations obtained from relative decomposition and nitrification rates, where Henry s law gives the equilibrium concentration of ammonia gas in the soil, and a simplified diffusion equation yields the flux to the atmosphere, for example, Dawson (1977) calculated it to be about 47 Tg N yr b... 

A zeolite catalyst operated at 1 atm and 325-500 K is so active that the reaction approaches equilibrium. Suppose that stack gas having the equilibrium composition calculated in Example 7.17 is cooled to 500 K. Ignore any reactions involving CO and CO2. Assume the power plant burns methane to produce electric power with an overall efficiency of 70%. How much ammonia is required per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in order to reduce NO , emissions by a factor of 10, and how much will the purchased ammonia add to the cost of electricity. Obtain the cost of tank car quantities of anhydrous ammonia from the Chemical Market Reporter or from the web. 

Ohmic heating of catalyst is often used as a simple method of igniting the chemical reaction during reactor startup, for instance, in the oxidation of ammonia on platinum-rhodium gauze catalysts. Another application is the prevention of cold-start emissions from automotive catalysts responsible for much of the residual pollution still produced from this source (21). The startup times needed for the catalyst to attain its operating temperature can be cut by a factor of 5 or more by installing an electrically heated catalyst element with a metallic support upstream of the main catalyst unit. Direct electrical catalyst heating permits facile temperature control but requires a well-defined catalyst structure to function effectively. 

Table A-2 Boiling and freezing point properties 843 Table A-3 Properties of solid metals 844 846 Table A-4 Properties of solid nonmetals 847 Table A-5 Properties of building materials 848-849 Table A-6 Properties of insulating materials 850 Table A-] Properties of common foods 851-852 Table A-8 Properties of miscellaneous materials 853 TableA-9 Properties of saturated water 854 Table A 10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 855 Table A-11 Properties of saturated ammonia 856 Table A-12 "Properties of saturated propane 857 Table A-13 Properties of liquids 858 Table A-14 Properties of liquid metals 859 Table A- 5 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 860 TableA-16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 861-862 Table A-17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 863 Table A-18 Emissivities of surfaces 864-865 Table A-19 Solar radiative properties of materials 866 Figure A-20 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes 867...

NOx emissions by a factor of 10, and how much will the purchased ammonia add to the cost of electricity. Obtain the cost of tank car quantities of anhydrous ammonia from the Chemical Marketing Reporter or from the Web. 

As noted earlier, East Asia is mainly a self-polluted region. Only a few countries are affected by remote sources (first of all, by emitters located in the Asian part of Russia and in Central Asia). The most affected territory belongs to Mongolia, where the fraction of sulfur deposition from remote sources amounts to 30%. The sources in Asia affect Eastern Russia, the shelf seas, and the Pacific Ocean. The main source of all types of pollutants is China. Its annual emission exceeds the values of other countries taken together by a factor of several fold (for sulfur and oxidized nitrogen) or by one order of tar (for ammonia). Consequently this country is the most important donor of the acidifying and euthrophic substances in Asia. The relevant recipients are South Korea and Japan. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) remains the most popular method for determination of ochratoxin A. Most HPLC methods use a reversed-phase column and an acidic mobile phase, so the carboxyl group of the mycotoxin is in the undissociated form. The post-column addition of 10% ammonia solution increases the fluorescence emission of ochratoxin A by a factor of 10 (Monaci Palmisano, 2004). 

Warm-box emissions Compared to the hot-box process, the emissions are significantly lower. The emissions do not contain phenol or ammonia, and also formaldehyde emissions are diminished by a factor of 4. As Ae pattern temperature is also lower compared to the one used for the hot-box process, the woiking conditions are also improved. The environmental impact is considered to be relatively low... 

Contents Background and Technical Aspects of the Chemical Industry. - Air Quality and Emission Control. - Water Quality Emission Control. - Natural and Derived Sodium and Potassium Salts. - Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes. - Electrolytic Sodium Hydrocide and Chlorine and Related Commodities. -Sulfur and Sulfuric Add. - Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid. - Ammonia, Nitric Add and their Derivatives. - Aluminium and Compounds. - Ore Enrichment and Smelting of Copper. - Production of Iron Steel. - Production of Pulp and Paper. - Fermentation Processes. - Petroleum Production and Transport. - Petroleum Refining. - Formulae and Conversion Factors. - Subject Index. 

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