Types of Fertilizers

Sulphur bearing modules and apaptite deposits. The most important occurrence are marine beds. Singhbhum nodules and trichinopally nodules form important occurrences. Raw sulphur dust and sulphuric acid are Gypsum 

The use of manure for fertilizing the soil is probably as old as agriculture itself The Romans had even a particular God, Sterculius, to preside over the proteetion of fertility of the soil. The use of commercial fertilizers is relatively of reeent origin. Fertilizer consumption in India is 69 kg of plant nutrient per hectare of arable land. The common fertilizers and the nutrients they provide are shown in Table 10.5. 

Fertilizers are broadly divided into organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers Composed of enriched organic matter— plant or animal. Inorganic fertilizers Composed of synthetic chemicals and/or minerals. 

Inorganic fertilizer is often synthesized using the Haber-Boseh proeess, whieh produees ammonia as the end produet. This ammonia is used as a feedstoek for other nitrogen fertilizers, sueh as anhydrous ammonium nitrate and urea. These eoneentrated produets may be diluted with water to form a eoneentrated liquid fertilizer. Ammonia ean be eombined with roek phosphate and potassium fertilizer in the Odda Process to produee eompound fertilizer. 

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Feeding a world population of over 6 billion requires the use of tools of all types. Not only is the machinery of agriculture important, but so are the chemicals of agriculture. The use of effective fertilizers is essential to increase food production from a tillable land mass that (at least in the United States) is shrinking. Phosphates are an important constituent in many types of fertilizers, and their production involves primarily inorganic chemistry. 

Another type of fertilizer is obtained by utilizing phosphoric acid instead of H2S04. The reactions are as follows ... 

Ammonia volatilization from fertilizers is a function of the type of fertilizer, soil conditions, meteorological conditions-temperature, wind speed, precipita-tion-and fertilizer management. Table 8.6 shows the global use of nitrogenous fertilizers and the corresponding NH3 emissions based on empirical emission factors for different fertilizer types in temperate and tropical conditions (Bouwman... 

Table 8 shows that the total amount of metals that would be released by our hypothetical average HT material is distinctly lower (J](metals) = 2—400 kt/y, depending on the scenario chosen) than the total amount deposited every year in Switzerland as a result of intensive use of fertilizers ( (metals) = 106 kg/y for all types of fertilizers). Likewise, the total loadings... 

Conduct a survey of adjacent agricultural activities—where are fertilizers used What types of fertilizers are used How long have they been in use ... 

The trend in the fertilizer industry during the past few years has been toward larger and larger fertilizer plants. In terms of plant location, what are the more important factors that should be considered and which factors become even more important as the size of the plant is increased Are these factors of equal importance regardless of the type of fertilizer produced Analyze this situation for ammonia, urea, and phosphate fertilizer process plants. 

Calculate the formula mass of (a) (NH4)2HP04 (one type of fertilizer) (b) C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol) (c) P4 (one form of elemental phosphorus). 

Authors Amount applied (kg N/ha) Time interval of observation (days) Type of fertilizer ... 

The increased use of fertilizers makes a large contribution to the penetration of elements into the nutritional chain. The fertilizers can contain, depending on their production and origin, high amounts of particular elements, including toxic ones. By the application of such fertilizers, the content of these elements in the soil is increased and they enter plants via their root system. Certain types of fertilizers, particularly natural superphosphates, contain more than 30 mg kg of cadmium and lead. Depending on the soil pH, absorption of these metals and their accumulation in particular parts of plants is encountered. The increased global use of fertilizers fortified by certain microelements has considerably increased their contents in the soil and foodstuffs. 

By far the most important use of phosphoric acid is in the production of fertilizers. At least four major types of fertilizers are made from phosphoric acid diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HP04 DAP), monoammonium phosphate (NH4H2P04 MAP), granulated triple superphosphate (GTSP), and superphosphoric acid, the only liquid among the group. An additional 5 percent of the phosphoric acid produced is used as an animal feed supplement. 

Ammonium nitrate fertilizers that are not classified as oxidizers are classified as miscellaneous hazardous materials. This type of fertilizer has other materials in the mixture, and there are controlled amounts of combustible materials. Mixtures of ammonium nitrate, nitrogen, and potash that are not more than 70% ammonium nitrate and do not have more than 0.4% combustible material are included as a miscellaneous hazardous material. Additionally, ammonium nitrate mixtures with nitrogen and potash, with not more than 45% ammonium nitrate, may have combustible material that is umestricted in quantity. The four-digit UN identification number for these mixtures of ammonium nitrate fertihzer is 2071. 

There are many types of fertilizer, including natural materials like manure, seaweed, compost, and minerals from deposits. Plants that are able to utilize nitrogen from the atmosphere may also be grown some seasons so their nitrogen is added to the soil. Many of these technologies are thousands of years old. In the 1800s, studies by von Liebig and others resulted in the worldwide transport of a few minerals and by-products of the steel industry as fertilizer. 

Water-soluble potassium (expressed as K2O) can be determined by manual or automated flame photometric and tetraphenylboron titration methods for all types of fertilizer samples. Atomic absorption can be used for samples below 5% K2O to maintain the highest degree of precision and accuracy. (Note Tetraphenylboron method for potassium is being used less often because of safety issues associated with formaldehyde.) Methods using ICP-OES for high concentration of potassium are currently being developed. Note Potentiometric measurements can be used to determine potassium in fertilizers but are not official approved methods and do not meet the accuracy and precision requirements as current methods. 

Slow Release Fertilizers - Method 13 (Used for all Types of Fertilizers)... 

Review and evaluation of the present and forecasted demand by type of fertilizer, related to the types of soils and crops. 

The concentration of up to 100 mg/kg of cadmium in phosphate minerals increases the contamination of soil with cadmium. Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of zinc (essential to plant growth), can include the toxic metals lead, arsenic and cadmium. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are mercury, lead, and arsenic. 

Fresh natural rubber latex contains about 30-40% of rubber hydrocarbon that is normally referred to as dry rubber content (DRC). However, the total solid content (TSC) is higher than the DRC due to the presence of non-rubbers in the latex, at around 5%. The DRC and non-rubber content may change due to many factors such as clone, soil and climate conditions, season, type of fertilizers used, and tapping frequency. Most of these non-rubbers are dissolved or suspended in the aqueous serum or adsorbed on the surface of rubber particles. They become trapped, tenaciously held, or co-precipitated during coagulation of the rubber probably due to their poor solubility in the aqueous medium or strong entanglement with the rubber molecule. The major non-rubbers are lipids, proteins and amino acids, minerals, inositols and carbohydrates, as shown in Table 3.1. 

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