American Water Works Association AWWA

Coal-tar pitch for other uses is similarly subject to a few national specifications but mainly sold to users specifications. Pitch intended for roofing, dampproofing, and waterproofing is the subject of ASTM specification D450 and Federal specification R-P-381 hot-appHed tar-based coatings (pipeline enamels) are the subject of BSS 4164/1987, amended in 1988, and, in the United States, of American Water Works Association (AWWA) specification C203. 

Water-use data and withdrawal rates for public water-supply systems are well documented by municipalities. The U.S. PubHc Health Service (USPHS) (5), American Water Works Association (AWWA) (6—10), and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) (11) have compiled statistics at regular intervals for >23, 000 municipalities in the United States. 

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water QuaUty Goals recommend a maximum total hardness of 80 ppm for municipal purposes (19). Municipal softening plants, however, distribute waters containing 70—150 ppm the final quaUty is estabUshed based on such factors as pubHc demand and economics. 

Source references for frequentiy used test procedures for determining properties of activated carbon are shown in Table 4. A primary source is the Jinnual Book ofyimerican Societyfor Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards (61). Other usehil sources of standards and test procedures include manufacturers of activated carbon products, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) (33,34), and the Department of Defense (54). 

Technical-grade soHd and solution sodium chlorite for use in potable water treatment has specifications Hsted by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) (147), the National Sanitization Foundation (NSF), and the American National Standard/NSF International (148). 

American Water Works Association (AWWA) The association has many standards deahng with water handling and storage. A list of its publications is given in the AWWA Handbook (annually). AWWA DlOO, Standard for Steel Tanks—Standpipes, Reservoirs, and Elevated Tanks for Water Storage, contains rules for design and fabrication. 

Pipeline used for transportation of gas, oil or water utility distribution pipeline system ranging in sizes /8-42 in. o.d. inclusive. Fabricated to American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Water Works Association (AWWA) specifications. 

American Water Works Association (AWWA) C502. Standard for Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrants. AWWA, Denver, CO, 1985. 

APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation publication (WPCF). APHA, Washington, DC. 

Water activities in USA American Water Works Association AWWA Research Foundation Water Environment Federation http //www.awwa.org http //www.awwarf.com http //www.wef org... 

Dechlorination is an evolving practice in the water industry. Currently, there is no industry guidance or American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard for disposal of chlorinated water (5-7). The AWWA standard for disinfection of water mains (C651-92) provides some information on disposal of chlorinated waters. This information, presented as an appendix, is not a part of the standard. Regulations and permit programs for disposal of chlorinated waters vary widely among the states and provinces. 

The American Water Work Association (AWWA) and US ERA developed a number of methods for phenol determination . ERA Method 528 is dedicated to the determination of phenols in drinking water by solid-phase extraction and GC/MS analysis and is developed for 12 phenols, mainly chlorophenols, nitro- and methyl-substituted phenols . Unfortunately, users have to take into account that the recommended internal standard tetrachlorophenol can also be found in water samples and has to be used with precaution or, better, substituted with another compound. The same problem applies in the case of the recommended surrogate 2,4,6-tribromophenol, which cannot be used in the analysis of water in areas with high bromine ion content. (Some examples of tribromophenol formation by humic or fulvic acid chlorination was mentioned by Richardson °°.)... 

Cation exchange for softening water. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) lists the following equations as being primary in the water softening process. Notice that the insoluble carbonate formers, Ca and Mg, are replaced by Na, which form soluble carbonates. 

In accordance to U.S. 40 Code Federal Regulation part 136, standard method 6410B of the APHA, the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEE), as well as EPA methods 606,625, and 1625, can be employed for the analysis of phthalates in municipal and industrial discharges. As equivalent to EPA 625, method 6410 procedure employs LEE with methylene chloride for the isolation of phthalates and other base or neutral analytes at pH >11. Alternatively, water samples may be subjected to continuous LEE for 24 h. Phthalates, together with other extracted analytes are separated on a chromatographic column packed with 3% SP-2250 or equivalent, and quantified on a MS analyzer. 

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