Electrode aluminium

The irreversible behaviour of an aluminium electrode, which readily passes a current when cathodically polarised, but almost ceases to conduct when made the anode in certain aqueous solutions, has been known for over a century. 

Electrolytic reduction of H SO /HjSeO mixtures using aluminium electrodes results in the formation of a sulfur-selenium coating at the elwtrode Irradiation of a solution of SCg in carbon disulfide by sunhght for 1-2 hours at 20 °C results in the formation of various cyclic selenium sulfides The formation of Se Sg compounds is also initiated by refluxing the above solution . ... 

This reference reports the appearance of a light-induced potential difference between two electrodes separated by a specially organized molecular multilayer. A barium electrode and a semitransparent aluminium electrode, which have substantially different electronic work functions JAl > c/Ba, have been used in these studies. The two electrodes were separated by a multilayer system consisting of a layer of isolating molecules covered by a... 

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the structure used in ref. 10 to obtain the light-induced potential difference between the barium and aluminium electrodes separated by molecular layers. 1, Fatty acid 2, donor 3, acceptor.

A histamine selective MIP chemosensor, based on impedimetric transduction, has been devised [136]. Its preparation involved immobilization of the histamine imprinted MIP particles in apoly[2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-l-4-pheny-lene vinylene] (OCiCi0-PPV) film deposited on aluminium electrodes. Preparation of these particles comprised thermally induced co-polymerization of MAA (functional monomer), EGDMA (cross-linker) and AIBN (initiator) in the presence of histamine. This film efficiently rebound histamine in the presence of histidine and... 

Eftekhari [30] Glycerol Grape juice Glycerol dehyrogenase (NAD+ dependent)/into polyaniline film Aluminium electrode/ +0.35 V vs. NHE Fe(CN) -... 

A silicon substrate 15 which comprises a read-out circuit is formed on one side of a sapphire substrate 11. A mercury cadmium telluride substrate 14 which comprises photodiodes 18 is formed on the other side of the sapphire substrate. The photodiodes are connected to corresponding read-out circuit by aluminium electrodes 15 via through-holes 12. The electrodes are formed by evaporating aluminium from both the detector side and the side of the silicon substrate side. 

Electrochemical technique (also electrocoagulation) is a simple and efficient method for the treatment of drinkable water. Recent results reported by Part-hasarathy and Yang [54,55] have demonstrated that electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminium anodes is effective in defluoridation. In the EC cell, the aluminium electrodes sacrifice themselves to form aluminium ions first. Afterwards the aluminium ions are transformed into AI(OH)3 before being polymerized to Aln(OH)3n. The AI(OH)3 floe is believed to adsorb F strongly as illustrated by the equation. 

N. Mameri, A.R. Yeddou, H. Lounci, D. Belhocine, H. Grib, B. Bariou, Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes, Water Res. 32 (5) (1998) 1604—1612. 

A number of commercial machines are available and cuvettes may be bought or constructed from disposable spectrophotometer cuvettes into which aluminium electrodes are glued. They can be sterilised with 70% ethanol and then washed with sterile PBS. (This is also true for the disposable commercial cuvettes.) The same apparatus can also be used for cell fusion (electrofusion) (see 13.7.3 and Glassy, 1988). 

Essentially polymer-film capacitors comprise dielectric films (polymer or paper or both together) interleaved with aluminium electrodes, either as aluminium foil or, more commonly, in the form of a layer evaporated directly on the dielectric, and rolled together. They are sealed in an aluminium can or in epoxy resin. Because the dielectric films and evaporated electrodes have thicknesses of only a few microns and about 0.025 /mi respectively, volumetric efficiencies can be high. The dielectric films are polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polycarbonate or paper paper dielectrics are always impregnated with an insulating liquid. 

The electrolytic aluminium rectifier includes an aluminium electrode and mother electrode of carl ion, iron or load. Both electrodes are suspended so that they face one another and are immersed in a solution of alkali borates, phosphates or carbonates. In a tantalum rectifier a solution of potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate or sulphuric acid is used the othev electrode being made of lead. The maximum voltage of the alternating current to be rectified must of course be lower than the breakdown voltage of the rectifier. When the rectifier cell is working, hydrogen is evolved at the tantalum or aluminium electrode while at the lead electrode oxygen is liberated. 

The electrical conductivity of the ultrathin oxide gel films prepared on an ITO electrode has been measured upon deposition of the aluminium electrode [18], Ti02-gel films with 4x2 mm size gave a resistance of 2.5 X 106 Q at 8.3 nm thickness and 0.61 X 106 Q at a thickness of 28 nm, respectively. The resistivity is independent of film thickness, and is 6-7 x 1010 Q-cm. An ln203-gel film of 41 nm thickness has a resistance of 24 Q, and the corresponding resistivity is calculated as 5 X 105 Q-cm. This value is smaller by a factor of 105 than that of TiOz-gel films. This difference in resistivity is close to that between TiOz crystal... 

A very different result has been obtained using aluminium electrodes (Fig. 6.160). There is no correlation safe gap versus arc peak power, but a chaotic distribution of flame transmissions down to very small gap values. This indicates a real particle-induced flame transmission and has been proven by evaluating the films of camera no. 1 the aluminium particles entering the indication chamber act as a very effective ignition source. 

Figure 6.160 Particle-induced flame transmission, caused by aluminium electrode burn-off. Gap w versus arc peak power Nz at the moment of flame transmission. Aluminium electrodes ...

An early attempt to make a real electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted methacrylate polymer utilised conductometric measurements on a field-effect capacitor [76]. A thin film of phenylalanine anilide-imprinted MAA-EDMA copolymer was deposited on the surface of semiconducting p-type silicon and covered with a perforated platinum electrode. An AC potential was applied between this electrode and an aluminium electrode on the back side of the semiconductor and the capacitance measured as a function of the potential when the device was exposed to the analyte in ethanol. The print molecule could be distinguished from phenylalanine but not from tyrosine anilide and the results were very variable between devices, which was attributed to difficulties in the film production. The mechanism by which analyte bound to the polymer might influence the capacitance is again rather unclear. 

Figure 1. Architecture of NLED, The LED consists of the transparent FTO electrode (anode), the aluminium electrode (cathode), 30 bilayers of CdTe NCs and the polyeleclrolyte molecules.

The preparation procedure is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. Glass plates of 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 mm, previously cleaned in an ultrasound alkaline bath, rinsed in pure acetone, and dried under nitrogen flow, are used as support substrates. After cleaning, aluminium electrodes (width 0.5 mm, height 60 nm) are deposited on the glass substrate by thermal evaporation in high vacuum... 

The effects of temperature and cathode material and the use of aluminium electrodes on the electrolysis of phosphonium salts have been studied. Miscellaneous. Patent specifications have appeared for the convenient resolution of tertiary phosphines by complexation with the asymmetric palladium(n) complex (20). 

Figure 12 shows the A-iji signature for the growth of a barrier layer on a super-pure aluminium electrode which had been metallographically polished. The points represent steady values which were achieved after polarisation with a constant potential across a two-electrode cell. The potential was advanced manually after each point had been recorded, up to a maximum of 60 V. Upon disconnecting the cell, the optical signal remained constant and... 

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