Light-induced potentials

1 where A(X, t) is a 2 x 2 diagonal matrix of field-dressed adiabatic surfaces. These, i diagonal elements are the so-called light-induced potentials (LIPs) [364, 397, 411— J t41 6), which are given by 

We see that the potentials have now been replaced by the AfX, t) LIPs. The solution , to Eq. (12.50) is then obtained by back-transforming the solution of Eq. (12.54), tha  

---

A potential gradient between the two ends of a trichome, caused by light-induced potential changes, can be measured by two flat platinum electrodes mounted at a... 

The technique described above measures only light-induced potential changes from a whole population of organisms. Therefore, it had to be verified that these changes are based on a light-induced voltage gradient between the two ends of the... 

Fig. 12. Action spectrum of light-induced potential changes measured with microelectrodes (after Hader46)) and action spectrum of photophobic response. Abscissa wavelength in nm Ordinates amplitude of light-induced potential changes in mV and phobic response in relative units respectively (after Nultsch88))...

Fig. 15a-c. Effect of TPMP+ on (a) light-induced potential changes (Left ordinate in % of uninhibited control), (b) on photophobic accumulations in light traps (Center ordinate in % of uninhibited control) and (c) resting potential (Right ordinate in mV). Abscissa TPMP+ concentration in mol (after Ha-der48))... 

The modification of the electronic potentials due to the interaction with the electric field of the laser pulse has another important aspect pertaining to molecules as the nuclear motion can be significantly altered in light-induced potentials. Experimental examples for modifying the course of reactions of neutral molecules after an initial excitation via altering the potential surfaces can be found in Refs 56, 57, where the amount of initial excitation on the molecular potential can be set via Rabi-type oscillations [58]. Nonresonant interaction with an excited vibrational wavepacket can in addition change the population of the vibrational states [59]. Note that this nonresonant Stark control acts on the timescale of the intensity envelope of an ultrashort laser pulse [60]. 

This reference reports the appearance of a light-induced potential difference between two electrodes separated by a specially organized molecular multilayer. A barium electrode and a semitransparent aluminium electrode, which have substantially different electronic work functions JAl > c/Ba, have been used in these studies. The two electrodes were separated by a multilayer system consisting of a layer of isolating molecules covered by a... 

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the structure used in ref. 10 to obtain the light-induced potential difference between the barium and aluminium electrodes separated by molecular layers. 1, Fatty acid 2, donor 3, acceptor.

Strong fields introduce yet another set of phenomena allowing for the controlled manipulation of matter. Examples of light-induced potentials and the controlled focusing, alignment, and deposition of molecules are discussed in Chapter 12, after the introduction of the quantized electromagnetic field. 

Kato, S., Aizawa, M., and Suzuki, S. Photo-responsive membranes. I. Light-induced potential changes across membranes incorporating a photochromic compound. J. Membr. Set. 1976,1, 289-300. 

T. Sata and K. Matsusaki, Generation of light-induced potential from ion exchange membranes containing 4,4 -bipyridine. II. Effect of species of anion exchange membranes on photovoltage, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem., 1996, 34, 2123-2133. 

V is established during electron transport. In chloroplasts, the light-induced potential is close to 0. Therefore, there must be a greater pH gradient in the chloroplast to give the same free-energy yield (see text, pp. 508, 540). 

Numerous novel techniques related to STIRAP have been further developed recently. Examples are the hyper-Raman STIRAP [196, 197, 221], Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP) [222, 223], adiabatic passage by light-induced potentials [224-227], and photo-associative STIRAP, as a source for cold molecules [228-231]. Some experimental implementations of fhese ideas, e.g., fo fhe formafion of dark states in the photo-association of an afomic Bose-Einsfein Condensafe (BEC) to form a molecular BEC, have already been reporfed [232, 233]. 

I.R. Sola, J. Santamarfia, V.S. MaUnkovsky, Efficiency and robustness of adiabatic passage by light-induced potentials, Phys. Rev. A 61 (2000) 043413. 

M. Rodriguez, B.M. Garraway, K.-A. Suominen, Tailoring of vibrational state populations with light-induced potentials in molecules, Phys. Rev. A 62 (2000) 053413. 

Arden, G.B., Bridges, C.D.B., Ikeda, H., and Siegel, I.M., Rapid light-induced potentials common to plant and animal tissues. Nature, 212,1235,1966. 

The magnitude of the irreversible phase is dependent on the peak value of the light-induced potential change, but not on the duration of excitation. It does not increase if the flash is prolonged from 20 to 200 ms. 

---