Altered mood

Heroin, a synthetic derivative of the p opioid receptor agonist morphine, is a well-documented narcotic that alters mood and rewarding behaviors. To date, heroin is the most abused opioid with an estimated 750,000-1,000,000 hardcore users in the... 

Drug Any biologically active chemical that does not occur naturally in the human body. Drugs can be used to prevent and treat disease, alter mood and cognition or otherwise change behaviour. Drugs are classified into families according to their... 

Psychoactive A drug that alters mood, cognition, and/or other aspects of behaviour. 

Peripheral inflammation increases prostanoid levels at the site of inflammation and this contributes directly to inflammation and peripheral sensitization (prostanoids and inflammation are discussed in Ch. 33). Peripheral inflammation also increases central prostanoid levels as a result of the central induction of COX-2, to mediate widespread changes in pain sensitivity as well as fever, anorexia, altered mood and sleep patterns [19]. 

Acetylcholine has been implicated in learning and memory in all mammals, and the gross deficits in memory found in patients suffering from Alzheimer s disease have been ascribed to a defect in central cholinergic transmission. This transmitter has also been implicated in the altered mood states found in mania and depression, while many different classes of psychotropic drugs are known to have potent anticholinergic properties which undoubtedly have adverse consequences for brain function. 

Neuropsychiatric disturbances in AD fall into five main categories, including personality alterations, mood disturbances, psychosis, disturbances of psy-... 

Headache, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, dizziness, altered mood Occasional... 

Arrhythmias palpitations blurred vision dizziness edema headache burning, itching, or swelling at injection site nausea insomnia weight gain Females-. Deepening voice, hirsutism, decreased libido, increased breast tenderness, vaginitis, altered mood... 

Generally, pemoline has not been shown to affect mood, either positively or negatively. In a study in which 37.5 mg pemoline was administered to adult male volunteers, the drug did not affect mood as measured by the POMS (27). These results were confirmed in other studies in which pemoline did not alter mood when administered during 64 hr of continuous wakefulness (46,58). 

For thousands of years, cannabis has enjoyed historical significance as a recreational drug, a useful fiber, an oil, an edible seed, and a medicine. It has been used to aid religious practices, alter mood (psychoactive effect), stimulate creativity, treat disease, relieve anxiety and boredom, enhance sensory experience and pleasure, rebel against authority, and go along with peer influence. That is a lot of work for one plant to do. This probably explains why cannabis has always been an important cultivated crop and is currently a cornerstone of controversial debate in all sectors of U.S. and international society. 

Depression is an illness that alters mood, emotions, and physical conditions. Individuals suffering from depression can experience changes in physical... 

Opioids are known to alter mood states. For example, opiates such as morphine produce euphoria and pain relief. Prolonged use of and withdrawal from opiates produce depressive-like symptoms as well. Based on the mood-altering effects of opiates, the role of endogenous opiates in psychiatric symptoms of various diseases has been studied. In addition, endogenous opioids are believed to play a role in neuronal circuitry responsible for reward and pleasure. Therefore, it is thought that perhaps the anhedonia observed in depressed patients is due to dysregulation of endogenous opioids in neuronal reward circuitry. 

In addition to the acute stimulant effects of euphoria and alertness caused by khat, there is the question of whether continued khat use alters mood, behavior, and mental health. 

Cycloserine can cause altered mood, cognitive deterioration, dysarthria, confusion, and even psychotic crises (217). 

Morphine (1) and related compounds exert their major pharmacological actions on the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Their most important clinical property is the ability to induce analgesia, that is, to suppress pain, which they do without the patient necessarily losing consciousness. In addition, they induce drowsiness depress respiration, which may be life-threatening alter mood, often causing euphoria and physical... 

Tricyclic antidepressants may reduce morphine requirement in palliative care without noticeably altering mood. 

There is a gt)od bit more to the trip than just a light show, however. Other perceptions may be altered. Mood is extremely labile and bizarre cognitive experiences occur (Stevens, 1987). Some examples of such experiences are described in C ontemporary Issue Box 12.2. Although the descriptions recounted are quite different, they do reveal some similarities. All are characterized by strong affect, although the nature of the emotional state varies. All involve magical thinking and. 

Exposure of humans to high concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane can produce severe CNS depression, respiratory arrest, decrease blood pressure, as well as lung, kidney, and liver damage. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane has been intentionally inhaled to alter mood or consciousness. Deaths have been attributed to abuse of this solvent. It is mildly irritating to the skin and eyes of both humans and experimental animals. Exposure of humans to high concentrations of... 

People smoke cannabis in order to change their mood. The tricyclic cannabinoids (and possibly the endocannabinoids) certainly alter mood, social behaviour and emotions. But we know next to nothing of the chemistry of emotions. Until quite recently the field of emotions was left to the poets and some psychologists and psychiatrists. From the point of view of a chemist or a pharmacologist, unfortunately, we have very few tools to approach problems of emotions. Could the endocannabinoids represent such tools ... 

Smeraldi et al.72 likewise reported that mean ratings of obsessions and compulsions, measured by Visual Analogue Scales ratings, did not worsen with patients fed the tryptophan-devoid amino acid mixture. However, tryptophan depletion also failed to alter mood in contrast to findings by others. 

Bergamaschi E, Smargiassi A, Mutti A, et al Peripheral markers of catecholaminergic dysfunction and symptoms of neurotoxicity among styrene-exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69 209-214,1997 Challenor J, Wright D Aggression in boat builders a search for altered mood states in boat builders exposed to styrene. Occup Med (Lond) 50 185-192, 2000 Cherry N, Rodgers B, Venables H, et al Acute behavioural effects of styrene exposure a further analysis. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 38 346-350, 1981 Cherry N, Hutchins H, Pace T, et al Neurohehavioural effects of repeated occupational exposure to toluene and paint solvents. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 42 291-300, 1985... 

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