Alleviator

The vitamin deficiency is often due to failure to absorb B12 from the stomach and can be alleviated by giving mg doses with extracts of hog s stomach which contains the intrinsic anti-pernicious anaemia factor (a muco-protein), which promotes the absorption. 

X-rays find wide applications in X-ray photography and in crystallography. Prolonged exposure of the human body to the rays induces a dangerous form of dermatitis, and even sterility, but controlled exposures are applied to alleviate cancer. 

The modification of the surface force apparatus (see Fig. VI-4) to measure viscosities between crossed mica cylinders has alleviated concerns about surface roughness. In dynamic mode, a slow, small-amplitude periodic oscillation was imposed on one of the cylinders such that the separation x varied by approximately 10% or less. In the limit of low shear rates, a simple equation defines the viscosity as a function of separation... 

The fimdamental disadvantage of the mean-field method is that it does not allow modes to respond in a correlated maimer to each other. This problem can be somewhat alleviated by a good definition of the relevant coordinate system [134. 136]. (An extension of mean-field methods that does allow for coupling [137. 138 and 139] will be discussed later.)... 

The initial conditions of system (20) coincide with those for the original equations X/,(0) = X" and V/i(0) = V . Appropriate treatments, as discussed in [72], are essential for the random force at large timesteps to maintain thermal equilibrium since the discretization S(t — t ) => 6nml t is poor for large At. This problem is alleviated by the numerical approach below because the relevant discretization of the Dirac function is the inner timestep At rather than a large At. 

This chapter is an attempt to present the important results of studies of the synthesis, reactivity, and physicochemical properties of this series of compounds. The subject was surveyed by Bulka (3) in 1963 and by Klayman and Gunther (4) in 1973. Unlike the oxazoles and thiazoles. there are few convenient preparative routes to the selenazoles. Furthermore, the selenium intermediates are difficult to synthesize and are often extremely toxic selenoamides tend to decompose rapidly depositing metallic selenium. This inconvenience can be alleviated by choice of suitable reaction conditions. Finally, the use of selenium compounds in preparative reactions is often complicated by the fragility of the cycle and the deposition of metallic selenium. 

Arelatively simple method for alleviating some of the nonphysical behaviors caused by imposing a nonbonded cutoff is to use a potential switching function (equation 14). 

The steepest descent method rapidly alleviates large forces on atoms. This is especially useful for eliminating the large non-bonded interactions often found in initial structures. Each step in... 

Reppe s work also resulted in the high pressure route which was estabUshed by BASF at Ludwigshafen in 1956. In this process, acetylene, carbon monoxide, water, and a nickel catalyst react at about 200°C and 13.9 MPa (2016 psi) to give acryUc acid. Safety problems caused by handling of acetylene are alleviated by the use of tetrahydrofuran as an inert solvent. In this process, the catalyst is a mixture of nickel bromide with a cupric bromide promotor. The hquid reactor effluent is degassed and extracted. The acryUc acid is obtained by distillation of the extract and subsequendy esterified to the desked acryhc ester. The BASF process gives acryhc acid, whereas the Rohm and Haas process provides the esters dkecdy. 

Lipids present in the diet may become rancid. When fed at high (>4-6%) levels, Hpids may decrease diet acceptabiUty, increase handling problems, result in poor pellet quaUty, cause diarrhea, reduce feed intake, and decrease fiber digestion in the mmen (5). To alleviate the fiber digestion problem, calcium soaps or prilled free fatty acids have been developed to escape mminal fermentation. These fatty acids then are available for absorption from the small intestine (5). Feeding whole oilseeds also has alleviated some of the problems caused by feeding Hpids. A detailed discussion of Hpid metaboHsm by mminants can be found (16). 

Sodium chloride is relatively inexpensive and is provided either free or incorporated directly into animal feed to prevent sodium and chloride deficiencies. Potassium is usually not deficient because most forages have adequate quantities. Therefore, it should be supplemented only when animals consume poor quaHty roughages or a high concentrate diet, or when they are under stress, dehydrated, or suffering from diarrhea (5). Potassium deficiency usually is alleviated by changing the diet or by supplementing with potassium sulfate. 

Addition of Inert Filter Aids. FUtet aids ate rigid, porous, and highly permeable powders added to feed suspensions to extend the appheabUity of surface filtration. Very dilute or very fine and slimy suspensions ate too difficult to filter by cake filtration due to fast pressure build-up and medium blinding addition of filter aids can alleviate such problems. Filter aids can be used in either or both of two modes of operation, ie, to form a precoat which then acts as a filter medium on a coarse support material called a septum, or to be mixed with the feed suspension as body feed to increase the permeabihty of the resulting cake. 

Finally, a modification has been carried out in which a polyacrylate emulsion is added to a normal tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate [55566-30-8] (THPS), urea, and TMM fire-retardant treatment in an attempt to completely alleviate the strength loss during the finishing. Indeed, better retention of tensile properties is achieved with no loss in fire resistance (85). 

Diagnosis and alleviation of the cause, if possible, is of primary importance. Often, however, this is not possible and therapy is used to alleviate the inconvenience and pain of diarrhea. These compounds usually only mask the underlying factors producing the problem. Diarrhea may cause significant dehydration and loss of electrolytes and is a particularly serious problem in infants. Antidiarrheals do not usually prevent the loss of fluids and electrolytes into the large bowel and, although these may prevent frequent defecation, often the serious imbalance of body electrolytes and fluids is not significantly affected. 

Medicated Dandruff Shampoos. Dandmff is a scalp condition characterized by the production of excessive cellular material (18). A number of shampoos have been marketed which are designed to control and alleviate this condition, and many additives have been included in shampoo compositions to classify them as treatment products for dandmff. These additives include antimicrobial additives, eg, quaternary ammonium salts keratolytic agents, eg, saUcychc acid and sulfur heavy metals, eg, cadmium sulfide coal tar resorcinol and many others. More recent (ca 1993) systems use selenium sulfide [7488-56-4] or zinc pyrithione [13463-41 -7] as active antidandmff shampoo additives. Both of these additives are classified as dmgs, but can be found in over-the-counter products. A stronger version, incorporating the use of higher levels of selenium sulfide in a shampoo, is available but requires a prescription for purchase. 

High Water-Base Fluids. These water-base fluids have very high fire resistance because as Httle as 5% of the fluid is combustible. Water alone, however, lacks several important quaUties as a hydrauHc fluid. The viscosity is so low that it has Httle value as a sealing fluid water has Httle or no abiHty to prevent wear or reduce friction under boundary-lubrication conditions and water cannot prevent mst. These shortcomings can be alleviated in part by use of suitable additives. Several types of high water-based fluids commercially available are soluble oils, ie, od-in-water emulsions microemulsions tme water solutions, called synthetics and thickened microemulsions. These last have viscosity and performance characteristics similar to other types of hydrauHc fluids. 

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