Allergic reaction factor

The particle size is the most important factor that contributes to the clearance of particles. For particles deposited in the anterior parts of the nose, wiping and blowing are important mechanisms whereas particles on the other areas of the nose are removed with mucus. The cilia move the mucus toward the glottis where the mucus and the particles are swallowed. In the tracheobronchial area, the mucus covering the tracheobronchial tree is moved upward by the cilia beating under the mucus. This mucociliary escalator transports deposited particles and particle-filled macrophages to the pharynx, where they are also swallowed. Mucociliary clearance is rapid in healthy adults and is complete within one to two days for particles in the lower airways. Infection and inflammation due to irritation or allergic reaction can markedly impair this form of clearance. 

Document any risk factors for allergic reactions such as chronic urticaria, liver or kidney disease, human immunodeficiency virus, or any other immune deficiencies. 

Leukotrienes increase capillary permeability and serve as chemotactic factors for neutrophil granulocytes. As "slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis," they are involved in allergic reactions (p. 326) together with PG, they evoke the spectrum of characteristic inflammatory symptoms redness, heat, swelling, and pain. 

About 28% of patients develop IgG or IgE antibodies after a single exposure to protamine, but fortunately few develop a catastrophic allergic reaction on subsequent exposure to the drug. Nonetheless, prior exposure does increase the risk for an anaphylactic reaction. Other risk factors are fish allergy and patients with diabetes mellitus treated with neutral protamine Flagedorn (NPFI) insulin. After vasectomy, 22%... 

Susceptibility factors for adverse effects are as for glucocorticoids. In addition, patients with a known allergic tendency should preferably not receive these substances, unless sufficient supervision is possible to cope with unexpected allergic reactions, at least until tolerance has been demonstrated. 

Although the two growth factors have similar effects on neutrophil counts, G-CSF is used more frequently because it is better tolerated. G-CSF can cause bone pain, which clears when the drug is discontinued. GM-CSF can cause more severe side effects, particularly at higher doses. These include fevers, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias, and a capillary leak syndrome characterized by peripheral edema and pleural or pericardial effusions. Allergic reactions may occur but are infrequent. Splenic rupture is a rare but serious complication of the use of G-CSF for PBSC. 

Cinnamomum cassia, a species of cinnamon related to that found in Herbal Blend, inhibits complement-dependent allergic reaction by reducing immunological hemolysis, chemotactic migration of neutrophils, and the generation of chemotactic factors by mast cells in response to complement-activated serum.9... 

IgE occurs in tissues where, having bound the antigen, it stimulates mast cells to release a range of factors. Some of these in turn activate white blood cells (called eosinophils) to kill various types of parasite. However, the mast cells can also release biologically active amines, including histamine, which cause dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels and lead to the symptoms seen in allergic reactions such as hay fever and asthma. 

The use of papain in meat tenderization [70] is almost completely restricted to the United States. A number of techniques have been described (preslaughter as well as post slaughter administration) but are not always very successful. In all cases, papain action does not occur before the cooking of the meat and therefore the result is influenced by many factors other than the actual method of application. It has also been aiguedthat the use of papain in meat tenderizes, toothpaste, beer, and fruit juices is the main reason for the higher incidence of systemic allergic reactions after injection of chymopapain for treatment of sciatica in North America than in Europe. 

Some researchers claim that also other factors, such as sex or race, may be of importance for the scale of the problem, which could be attributed to genetic factors. Allergic reactions are observed everywhere, irrespective of the geographical zone or cultural preferences. Yet, they occur more often in infancy or early childhood than in adulthood, and they affect women more often than men. The data concerning the scale are divergent, which may result from various... 

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