All-organic devices

OFETs cons true led on a silicon wafer do not take advantage of one of the main interest of organic materials, namely the possibility of building electronic devices on plastic substrates. A second important drawback of the silicon-based stmcture is the difficulty to individually address the gate of transistors built on the same wafer, which would prevent the achievement of integrated circuits. 

More recently. Gamier and coworkers used a printing technique to make OFETs on polymeric substrates [61]. Although printable field-effect transistors based on inorganic semiconductors have been reported as early as 1967 [62], they did not come to any commercial development. We note, however, that in Gamier s device only the electrodes were actually printed. 

A further step has been taken by a group at Bell Labs, who built an all printed device on an ITO-coated polyester substrate [63] all the subsequent layers. 

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The mechanical flexibility, one of the most promising advantages of all-organic devices if compared to inorganic transistors, was tested by Gamier et al. [1]. 

C. H. Huang, N. D. McClenaghan, A. Kuhn, J. W. Hofstraat and D. M. Bassani, Enhanced photovoltaic response in hydrogen-bonded all-organic devices, Org. Lett., 7, 3409-3412 (2005). 

Concerning the photovoltaic devices, when subjected to solar emission at AM 1.5, the short-circuit current (Isc) signals were 480,530, and 600 pA for Morus nigra, Morus nigra plus P-carotene and Mix, respectively. This means that the best performances were observed in the case of the blend of all organic derivatives used. 

Flame ionization detectors are capable of detecting virtually all organic compounds and show a lower limit of detection of approximately 1 X 10-9 mol. They also show good linearity of response and the fact that they do not respond to oxides of carbon or nitrogen or to water makes them particularly convenient for aqueous samples. They have the disadvantage, however, that samples are destroyed unless a stream-splitting device is incorporated. 

Electrolytes are ubiquitous and indispensable in all electrochemical devices, and their basic function is independent of the much diversified chemistries and applications of these devices. In this sense, the role of electrolytes in electrolytic cells, capacitors, fuel cells, or batteries would remain the same to serve as the medium for the transfer of charges, which are in the form of ions, between a pair of electrodes. The vast majority of the electrolytes are electrolytic solution-types that consist of salts (also called electrolyte solutes ) dissolved in solvents, either water (aqueous) or organic molecules (nonaqueous), and are in a liquid state in the service-temperature range. [Although nonaqueous has been used overwhelmingly in the literature, aprotic would be a more precise term. Either anhydrous ammonia or ethanol qualifies as a nonaqueous solvent but is unstable with lithium because of the active protons. Nevertheless, this review will conform to the convention and use nonaqueous in place of aprotic .]... 

Since 1998, all medical devices marketed in Europe (EEA) must bear the CE mark, which signifies conformity to the essential requirements of the MDD. The MDD harmonized the European requirements along with device certification and the inspection procedures for manufacturers to ensure the highest degree of safety and product quality of the medical devices throughout the EC. Most important was the requirement for a full quality assurance system (Annex II of the MDD, 93/42/EEC), which included design controls for new medical device products. This was in line with the ISO 9000 series of standards established for quality systems by the International Organization for Standardization. 

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) gasification unit which is under development in the project consists of two fluid bed reactors (Figure 2). The first reactor is a gasifier, the second reactor is a combustion chamber for charcoal. To obtain producer gas of middle calorific value water steam is applied as a blowing. Fluid bed is organized by supplying water steam to gasifier (inert material is sand) and air to combustion chamber. The installation is equipped with all necessary devices to measure rate, temperature, and pressure. 

Of all organic polymers used to produce insulation materials, glyptal and phenol-formaldehyde polymers are the most thermal resistant. They can function for a long time in electrotechnical devices at temperatures up to 130 °C. At higher temperatures insulation from organic polymers bums. Its dielectric properties considerably decrease, because the carbon formed is a good conductor. 

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