2- alkanoate alkanol

Considerable interest arose during the 1970 s and 1980 s in the use of micro-organisms to produce useful fatty adds and related compounds from hydrocarbons derived from the petroleum industry. During this period, a large number of patents were granted in Europe, USA and Japan protecting processes leading to the production of alkanols, alkyl oxides, ketones, alkanoic adds, alkane dioic acids and surfactants from hydrocarbons. Many of these processes involved the use of bacteria and yeasts associated with hydrocarbon catabolism. 

In Table 9.10 we have listed some examples of substrates, products and organisms that have been dted in the patent literature for the production of various alkanols, alkanoic acids, ketones and dioic adds. These are meant to act as illustrations, we would not expect you to remember them all. 

Second, some organisms are able to incorporate longer pendent chains yielding another class of PHA medium chain length PHA, poly(HAMCL). Poly (HAmcl) is specifically accumulated by fluorescent pseudomonads. When aliphatic hydrocarbons like n-alkane, n-alkanoate, or n-alkanol serve as feedstocks for Pseudomonas oleovorans the resulting PHA is a random copolymer... 

Fig. 9. GC-MS TIC traces for silylated total extracts of soil, river sediment and aerosol samples (a) Amazon Forest soil (Manaus, Brazil) (b) almond orchard agricultural field soil (CA, USA) (c) Harney River sediment in Everglades National Park (FL, USA), and (d) Gosan Island (Korea) aerosol during Asian dust event (April 27—28, 2001). Numbers refer to carbon chain length of homologous series ( = rj-alkane, o = rj-alkanol, A = rj-alkanoic acid, DHA = dehydroabietic acid, ik = isoprenoid ketone, S = sitosterol). 

FIGURE 9.44 Concentrations of n-alkanoic acids (parts a-c) and n-alkanols (parts d-f) as a function of carbon number from (a, d) a particle sample collected in Jos, Nigeria, (b, e) vegetation wax in the Jos area, and (c, f) particles collected over the Atlantic Ocean (adapted from Simoneit et al., 1988). 

Method of Wakita, Yoshlmoto, Miyamoto, and Watanabe The Wakita et al. method [46] has been derived with a set of 307 liquid compounds, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, halogenated alkanes, alkanols, oxoalkanes, alkanones, alkyl alkanoates, alkanethiols, alkanenitriles, nitroalkanes, and substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, and biphenyles. The model equation is... 

Compounds with a Minimum in Their S(T) function Many compounds, such as alkanes and its derivatives with a hydrophilic polar group, exhibit a solubility minimum at a temperature Thu,. For liquid alkanols, alkanoic acids, and alkylamines, Tmjn lies between 15 and 80°C [6]. The following qualitative results were given ... 

For each of the series of liquid alkanols, alkanoic acids, and alkylamines, rmin decreases with increasing Nc [6]. 

Coffander-iype Relationships Collander has studied partition coefficients in different alcohol-water systems [16]. He found that these partition coefficients are mutually correlated. For certain compounds containing one hydrophilic group, such as alkanols, alkanoic acids, alkanoates, dialkyl ethers, and alkylamines and selected compounds containing two, three, or four such groups, he reports the following equation ... 

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