Alkaline phosphatase ALP

Range of measurement 20-1 500 U/1 (37° C). Reference interval 38-126 U/1 (37°C). Sample material Serum or heparin plasma. 

Drug or metabolite in sample Concentration up to which no interference occurred [mg/1] Concentration usually appearing in serum [mg/1] Interference, direction [mg/1] Clinically relevant 

Statistical data from evaluations - Intra-assay imprecision 

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Alkaline phosphatase [u/l] Correlation data to comparative methods  

Straight line equation Correlation coefficient Number of samples compared Comparative method References 

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Gao and Yamaguchi, 1999a Yamaguchi and Ma, 2001 Femoral-diaphyseal tissues from elderly female rats cultured for 24 h Daidzein or genistein (lO M, lO M) induced calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity indicating stimulation of bone formation. 

The PMBV/PVA hydrogel containing ES cells was dissociated by the addition of 0.2 M D-fructose solution after 3 days. After dissociation of the PMBV/PVA hydrogel, the recovered ES cells were cultured on gelatin-coated TCPS in the culture medium as usual, and the differentiation characters of recovered ES cells were estimated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining (Fig. 14). 

Recently, two major enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent reactions have become popular. These use either luminol as a substrate of peroxidase or 3-(2 -spiroadamantane)-4-methoxy-4-(3"-phosphoryloxy)phenyl-1,2-dioxetane (AMPPD) as a substrate of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). 

Once stem cells are committed to the osteoblast lineage, proliferating osteoprogenitors become preosteoblasts, cell growth declines, and there is a progressive expression of differentiation markers by osteoblasts (Stein et al. 1996). Osteoblastic differentiation is characterized by the sequential expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an early marker of osteoblastic phenotype, followed by the synthesis and deposition of collagen type I, bone matrix proteins, and glycosaminoglycans and an increased expression of os-... 

Serum chemistry markers play an important role in hepatotoxicity evaluation in human and animal safety studies. The classic markers of hepatotoxicity are alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotrasnferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) [124—127]. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity can be difficult to assess in some circumstances. Hepatotoxic responses can be intrinsic (predictable, dose-related) or idiosyncratic (unpredictable, non-dose-related). ALT, AST and ALP are generally not useful for predicting idiosyncratic responses. The administration of some drugs, such as isoniazid, can lead to a high incidence of ALT elevation, but are tolerated by most patients without severe hepatotoxicity. Adverse drug reactions can be masked... 

Figure 36.6. Snapshot of the Method creator of the Immusoft computer programme serving for the establishment of assay protocols. The figure shows on the right-hand side the various steps of the protocol developed for the assay of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in which the functionalisation of the microchannels (coating and blocking steps) is directly integrated in the assay progress.

The GC mode can also be used to image some enzymes that are not oxidoreductases. For the important enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and galactosidase, this has been achieved by using an enzyme substrate that is not redox active at the UME potential, whereas one of the products (p-aminophenol (PAP)) can be oxidized. The experiment is detailed in the Protocol P2 H37. The use of potentiometric probes is also possible. Table 37.2 provides an overview about the investigated enzymes. 

Serum biochemistry methods were used to evaluate the toxic effect of the procedure. The parameters evaluated include concentrations of major ions (Na+,K+,C1 ) major proteins (albumin and total protein) liver-specific enzymes (alkaline phosphatase ALP) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)... 

Bilirubin. An increase in the bilirubin level and an accompanying increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities most often result from obstmctive jaundice developed as a consequence of pancreas head edema and pressure exerted on the papilla of Vater (cholestasis). 

Clinical pathology is conducted on each animal independently. The report from the consultant laboratory includes evaluation of total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), WBC, RBC, and platelet count, ft is important to note that the accuracy of most assays is affected by hemolysis. 

Increased liver function tests - Mrs CR s alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels are all increased above the normal ranges and indicate moderate liver impairment. This may have implications on the ability of the liver to metabolise drugs and must be borne in mind when prescribing any drugs that are metabolised by it. 

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is present in high concentrations in the cells lining the biliary tract and an ALP level exceeding 300 IU/L, together with a raised bilirubin as in the case of Mrs MW, is indicative of cholestasis. Jaundice becomes progressively more severe in unrelieved cholestasis. 

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This enzyme occurs mainly in liver and bone. The blood level is raised in some types of liver and bone disease. 

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Liver kidney, bone, placenta, intestine, biliary epithelia 30-300 lU/L (higher in children due to increased bone growth) Raised levels may indicate biliary inflammation/ obstruction, malignant infiltration, cirrhosis, bone destruction, Paget s disease... 

Measurement of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Activity. Although a multitude of methods are being used to measure peroxidase, most workers use the following method to measure ALP. The reaction utilizes 1 mg of p-nitrophenylphosphate (Sigma) per milliliter in 1 M diethanolamine buffer, pH 9.8. The reaction is stopped by addition of i volume of 2 M NaOH. The yellow p-nitrophenol is measured at 405 nm. 

Another metabolic disorder that is hereditary and little known is hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia is an inherited metabolic (chemical) bone disease that results from low levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALP is normally present in large amounts in bones and the liver. In hypophosphatasia, abnormalities in the gene that makes ALP lead to the production of inactive ALP. Subsequently, several chemicals, including phosphoethanolamine, pyridoxal 57-phosphate (a form of vitamin B ) and inorganic pyrophosphate, accumulate in the body and are found in large amounts in the blood and urine. It appears that the accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate is the cause of the characteristic defective calcification of bones seen in infants and children (rickets) and in adults (osteomalacia). 

The reagent strips are packaged in aluminium foils which also contain a drying agent. They can be kept at room temperature, except for the creatine kinase (CK) and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test which have to be refrigerated. The shelf-life is one year. 

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