Stimulation indices

All life stages of the German cockroach produce 3,11-dimethylnonacosane, suggesting that production of a sex-specific contact pheromone may be less dependent on differentiation of sexually dimorphic pheromone glands, as is the case for volatile pheromones, and more so on the endocrine milieu of the adult female. Normally, adult male cockroaches produce much less JH III than do females, and males have a much lower titer of JH III in the hemolymph (Piulachs et al., 1992 reviewed in Tobe and Stay, 1985 Wyatt and Davey, 1996). However, when newly emerged males were exposed to filter papers treated with the JH mimic hydroprene they exhibited a six-fold elevation in female pheromone on their cuticle (Schal, 1988). Although substantial, this limited stimulation indicates... 

A very intriguing observation noted above was the possibility of presynaptic dopamine agonist activity with SK F 87516 and SK F 85174. The inhibitions of the constrictor response and the 3H -norepinephrine release induced by brief intermittent periarterial sympathetic nerve stimulation of the perfused rabbit ear artery is a convenient in vitro assay for presynaptic dopamine agonist activity (30). In this preparation, both SK F 85174 and SK F 87516 inhibited both stimulation responses with an EC50 of about 100 riM. Another measure of D-2 activity is inhibition of specific spiroperidol binding (20). Comparison of these data (Table I) showed that SK F 85174 is thirty times as potent as dopamine, and thus is a potent D-2 agonist. However, the activity in adenylate cyclase stimulation indicates that this compound may be best described as a D-l/D-2 agonist (19, 20). 

Methylphenidate is a potent CNS. stimulant. Indication-include narcolcp.sy and attention-deficit disorder. The stnic-ture of the (2R.2 R) isomer of the threo racemic mixture a shown. 

Fluticasone is a respiratory inhalant combination. Fluticasone inhibits multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells) and mediator production or secretion (e.g., histamine) involved in the asthmatic response. Salmeterol produces bronchodi-lation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle through beta-2-receptor stimulation. Indications they are indicated in... 

Cemilton , a product obtained from rye pollen, is an effective agent in the treatment of prostatic inflammatory disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia [139]. In 1995, DIBOA was identified as a constituent of the water soluble pollen extract [66]. The purified active fraction of Cemilton showed dose-dependent effects on DNA-synthesis in epithelial cells. At low concentrations, DNA synthesis was stimulated, indicated by a 300% increase in radiolabelled thymidine incorporation. Concentrations larger than 1 pg/ml resulted in an inhibition up to 80% after 5 days of exposure. Fibroblast cells react in a similar way and prostate DU 145 cells showed the same inhibition after treatment with the active fraction as they do after exposure to synthetic DIBOA. From the studies is was clear, that DIBOA must be causative for the effects of Cemilton. Cell growth inhibition was thought to be due to the chelating properties of the compound [67]. As demonstrated MCF-7 breast cancer-and COS-7-cells were inhibited as well [140]. From the morphology of treated DU-145 cells the authors concluded DIBOA-induced cell death. 

Other patterns of stimulation include sustained tetany and single stimulation. Patients who respond to a sustained (5 second) 50 Hz stimulation are ready for extubation (patient will be able to cough, inspire and raise head). Failure to elicit > 5% of normal twitch to a single 0.2 msec, 0.1 Hz stimulation indicates that the blockade is sufficient for intubation. 

HI affected the DNA polymerase a-stimulating activity. As shown in Table 1, both unmodified and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated histone HI (carrying 10.3 ADP-iibose/molecule on an average) showed a similar extent of stimulation indicating that the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) bound to histone HI does not affect the DNA polymerase a-stimulating ability. 

Fig. 8. Intracellular records from an organotypic culture of hippocampal pyramidal cells to show synaptic responses to monopolar field stimulation and the response to bath-applied met-enkephalin. Monopolar field stimulation within the culture produced in pyramidal cells an epsp-ipsp sequence. Twenty seconds before the onset of recording, 10 M met-enkephalin (A) and 10 M FK 33-824 (B) were bath-applied. The enkephalin first elicited single spikes riding on the epsp s and then caused sustained firing with bursts of activity followed by silent periods. During the silent periods, the complete blockade of ipsp s can be clearly observed. The effect of M bicuculline methochloride was tested on the same cell. Both records were taken from the same cell. Stimulation (indicated as dots) parameters were 1 Hz, 0.1 msec, 6 xA, resting membrane potential -65 mV, age of the culture 40 days (From Gahwiler, 1980.)...

Although claimed to be a useful test in the hands of some experienced with the technique, others have found it unreliable and difficult to standardize. Yet to be validated and stiU essentially a research tool, the test is claimed to have a sensitivity of 74 % with a rather low specificity of 85 %. One group found an overall sensitivity of 62 % and a specificity of 92.8 % in 51 patients with a well-documented history of p-lactam allergy (31 immediate reactors and 19 non-immediate). This was made up of sensitivities of 64.5 % and 57.9 % for the immediate and non-immediate groups, respectively, but the proliferative responses, expressed as stimulation indices. 

Figure 23 Effect of reserpine on quantal release from PC12 cells. In the first column, a single PC 12 cell was repeatedly stimulated with 80 mM KCl for 3 s at the arrows amper-ometric spikes were elicited in each case. In the second column, a different ceU was treated identically except that at 2 min following the first stimulation, 1 pM reserpine was added to the medium. Subsequent stimulations indicate that quantal release is abolished by reserpine. All data were obtained using a 5 pm carbon fiber electrode held at 0.65 V vs. SSCE. (Reproduced immAnal. Chem. with permission [13].)...

Knight (1994) reports that the effects of attention can onset as early as 25 ms after stimulation, indicating that humans are able to exert attention effects on inputs to the primary auditory cortex. Similar effects of selective attention have been reported in the visual and somatosensory modalities. 

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