Alkaline alcoholates

With the exception of fonnamide, which is a viscid liquid, the 111.ijonly of these c ompoLinds arc crysttdlinc solids. The lowci members aie soluble m water, and they all dissolve in alcohol or ether. Many of them distil without decomposition Thc aic nciitial substances uniting with both mineral acids and. 1 few of them with caustic alkalis and alkaline alcoholates to loim compounds which arc rapidly decomposed by water. 

Schulte et obtained thiophenes in 60-80% yield by saturating an alkaline alcoholic solution of diphenylpolyines with H S. 1,4-Di-phenylbutadiyne (63) gave 2,5-diphenylthiophene (64) and 1,6-di-phenylhexatriene gave (65). It is interesting to note that 1,8-di-phenyloctatetrayne gave only (66) and no bithienyl derivative. 

Azobenzene is also obtained in good yield by drawing air through an alkaline alcoholic solution of hydrazobenzene for several hojirs. 

Elimination from tert.-Butyl and tert.-Amyl Bromides in Acidic and Alkaline Alcoholic Media. J. chem. Soc. (London) 1948, 2058. 

Beside xanthene dyes, methylene blue,127 porphyrins and por-phins,128-130 zinc-tetraphenylporphin,128 a-hydroxyanthraquinones in alkaline alcoholic or pyridine solutions,112,131 vitamin A, /9-carotene, hypericin, rubrene, 3,4-benzpyrene, 20-methylcholanthrene, chlorophyll, and many other compounds have been found to be sensitizers of photooxygenation reactions.70,132,133 Some groups of dyes, however, such as porphyrins and porphins containing transition metals (e.g., Co), azo dyes, cyanine dyes, and triphenylmethane dyes either did not show any or only very poor sensitizer capabilities in the photooxygenation of a-terpinene.128,134... 

Synthesis from Citral. Selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal can be accomplished in the presence of a palladium catalyst in an alkaline alcoholic reaction medium [65]. 

The two procedures of lipid extraction and saponification can be combined as a prolonged or hot alkaline alcoholic extraction, a method that is satisfactory for certain routine analysis (44). 

Dihydroazolopyrimidine heterocycles possess enhanced stability towards heteroaromatization by air oxygen in comparison with nonfused dihydroazines [158, 162, 172, 174, 175]. Oxidation of azolopyrimidines 331-333 becomes easier owing to rapid ionization in alkaline-alcoholic solutions (Scheme 3.91). 

Biltz prepared phenytoin by heating urea with a previously prepared alkaline alcoholic solution of benzil. Sikdar and Ghosh studied the mechanism of the Biltz technique and has shown the reaction to take place as shown in Scheme 2. 

Figure 16.14 Increase in degree of substitution with reaction time during cationization of barley and normal maize starches in an alkaline-alcoholic semiaqueous medium. (Adapted from reference 97 with permission)...

Cationization of waxy maize, corn and barley starches in aqueous alcohol slurries is most effective at 35-65% ethanol for all starch types a 1 1 starch to water ratio gave highest DS values.51 A process for making cationic or amphoteric starches in aqueous, alkaline alcoholic solvents has also been described.52... 

The polycyclic phenols, being somewhat more effective and relatively nonvolatile, afford good protection at both ambient and elevated temperatures. This improvement in activity, however, is generally accompanied by a sacrifice in color. For methylenebisphenols the discoloration may be caused by oxidation products of the antioxidant in which a highly conjugated system is developed. For example, Kharasch and Joshi (7) found that a purple color developed when oxygen was bubbled through an alkaline alcoholic solution of 4,4 -methylenebis(2,6-di-fert-butylphe-nol), III, a commercial antioxidant. They showed that this color was caused by the anion, V, of a quinonemethide type oxidation product, IV, of the phenol. 

In the reduction experiments of nitrobenzene to azobenzene in alkaline-alcoholic solution mercury electrodes prove good however, nickel-wire—gauze electrodes give excellent1 results. This had been already shown by Elbs.3... 

In alkaline-alcoholic solution Elbs and Wogrinz 2 obtained m-azoxy- and m-azoacetophenone from m-nitroacetophenone. The reduction to the hydrazophase was only partially successful. 

Benzile.—The aromatic diketone benzile, CeHsCO-CO-CeHs, gives peculiar results (Kauffmannx). By reduction in an alkaline alcoholic solution a whole series of bodies is formedy i.e., benzoic acid, benzilic acid, tetraphenylerythrite ... 

Acid hydrolysis is effectively performed using hydrochloric acid (6M) and heating at 85 °C, followed by dilution with water and extraction of sterols with a mixture of heptane/diethyl ether (1 1). Saponification (alkaline hydrolysis) of the lipids is commonly obtained by hydrolyzing the samples in alkaline alcoholic solutions (treatment with potassium hydroxide under reflux for 30 min to 3h) (Goad and Akihisa, 1997 Nystrom et al., 2009). For a more detailed example of hydrolysis procedures, see Nystrom et al. (2009). 

The bromide is a similar compound, M.pt. 187° C., the iodide forms colourless plates, M.pt. 227° C., and may be prepared by the use of potassium iodide, or by heating p-hydroxymereuri phenol with methyl iodide in alkaline alcoholic solution. 

Kolbe dimerization may be carried out with minimal electrochemical equipment. A typical experiment involves the constant current electrolysis of an alkaline alcoholic solution (5-10% neutralized carboxylic acid) between platinum electrodes in an undivided cell. 

Gel permeation chromatography, sulphuric acid and polyethylene film dialyses have been used for lipid elimination in the organic extract of biological samples (45, 47, 49-53). Lipids can also be eliminated by alkaline alcohol digestion of the sample (54). After lipid elimination the extract can be further cleaned by column chromatography on Florisil or alumina/silica (23, 46 8, 51, 55). 

Kikkoman Corp. (Norda, Japan) obtained a patent process (Matsuura et al., 1998) for the production of malonyl glucosides and production of glucosides and aglycone isoflavones from malonyl glucosides. Dehulled soybeans were soaked in water at 45-65°C for 2-4 h at pH 7.5-9.0 (pH <10). Malonyl glucosides decomposed at 70°C or higher. Then, the process was followed by an acid precipitation at pH 4.3. The filtrate or supernatant after separation of the precipitated protein was applied to an adsorbent (active carbon or alumina), then the column was eluted with an aqueous alcohol or alkaline alcohol solution to yield a mixture of malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin. 

Meprobamate is very stable as a solid. Meprobamate is stable in dilute acid and dilute alkali and is not broken down in gastric or intestinal fluid. It is recognized that heating solutions of meprobamate in strong acid will cause hydrolysis of the material26. it has been proposed that during treatment of meprobamate with alkaline alcohol the sodium salt of carbamic acid 7 is formed, which may undergo a dehydration to form a cyanate o. The amino moieties of the carbamate can form its diacetyl derivative with acetic anhydride, 27, and will condense with aldehydes. ... 

Meprobamate is hydrolyzed in an alkaline alcoholic medium to yield a cyanate which forms a blue colored complex with cobalt ions. For analyses >37,38,39 the intensity of the color has been determined at 603 mu. 

It is peculiar that the effect of increasing temperature on the color of an indicator in alcoholic solution is the opposite of that found in aqueous solutions. Whereas in aqueous solution an acid indicator like phenolphthalein becomes more acid sensitive when warmed, we find also that a weakly alkaline alcoholic solution of the indicator assumes a more intense red color at a higher temperature. This reversal is observed also with methyl orange. Thus an aqueous solution of the latter indicator, previously treated with strong acid to obtain an intermediate color, turns yellow upon being warmed, whereas an alcoholic solution similarly prepared becomes a more intense red. 

Analogous to the formazans obtained by loosening the chelate ring in the above manner, the sugar osazones of supposedly chelate structure were found to undergo reaction in alkaline alcohol and to give n-glucose phenylosazone formazan in dark-violet needles. Mild acetylation produces the black tetraacetate of this compound. 

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