Alkali burns

Levinson, R.A., Patterson, C.A. and Pfister, R.R. (1976). Ascorbic acid prevents corneal ulceration and perforation following experimental alkali burns. Invest. Ophthalmol. 15, 986-992. 

Nirankari, V.S., Varma, S.D., Lakhanpal, V. and Richards, R.D. (1981). Superoxide radical scavenging agents in the treatment of alkali burns an experimental study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 99, 886-893. 

Powdered lithium hydride may ignite spontaneously in humid air or on contact with moist mucous surfaces resulting tissue effects may have features of both thermal and alkali burns. ... 

Kuckelkom, R., Makropoulos, W., Kottek, A., Reim, M. Prospective study of severe alkali burns of the eyes [German]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 203, 397-402 (1993)... 

Miyamoto, R, Sotozono, C., Ikeda, X, Kinoshita, S. Retinal cytokine response in mouse alkali-burned eye. Ophthalmic Res 30(3), 168-171 (1998)... 

Green, K., Paterson, C.A., Siddiqui, A. Ocular blood flow after experimental alkali burns and prostaglandin administration. Arch Ophthalmol 103(4), 569-571 (1985)... 

E., Behrens, A. Use of topical human amniotic fluid in the treatment of acute alkali burns of the eye ooster. ARVO Abstracts No 2722 Fort Lauderdale ARVO meeting 2006. 

Kubota, M., Pagerholm, P Corneal alkali burn in the rabbit. Waterbalance, healing and transparency. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 69(5), 635-640 (1991)... 

Hugues Jr., W.F. Alkali burns of the eye. Review of literature and summary of present knowledge. Arch Ophthalmol 35, 423 49 (1946a)... 

Vajpayee, R.B., Thomas, S., Sharma, N., Dada, T, Tabin, G.C. Large-diameter lamellar keratoplasty in severe ocular alkali burns A technique of stem cell transplantation. Ophthalmology 107(9), 1765-1768 (2000)... 

Klang, S.H., et al. 1999. Evaluation of a positively charged submicron emulsion of piroxicam on the rabbit corneum healing process following alkali burn. J Control Release 57 19. 

The patient is followed daily until the corneal injury resolves. Unless an anterior uveitis is present, the cyclo-plegic, steroid, and antibiotic can be discontinued once the epithelium has healed. If healing of the mild alkali burn does not proceed as expected, it is possible that ischemia is present, necessitating reevaluation of the treatment. 

Caustics and Irritants Acid and alkali burns to the eye often result in severe corneal injury and require aggressive intervention. It is often difficult to predict at the outset the amount of damage any given... 

Andrews K, Mowlavi A, Milner SM. The treatment of alkali burns of the skin by neutralization. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 111 (6) 1918-21. 

Alkali burns are, accordingly, also referred to as progressive burns. It should be noted that hydrofluoric acid is unique among acids, in that it, like alkalis, produces a liquefaction necrosis, making it perhaps the most dangerous acid for skin contact. 

For the coca-chewing Indians in South America, on the other hand, the central stimulant effect is the wanted effect, whereas the local anaesthetic action is an undesired side-effect. The dried leaves (which are purchased on the local market, (see Fig. 20) are mixed with alkali (burned bones from llamas, which is called Lliptar) the mixture is kept between the teeth and cheek, without direct chewing, and the saliva is swallowed. Coca chewing gives rise to less dependence and social problems than the use of isolated cocaine in the form of inhaled cocaine hydrochloride or the smoked free-base alkaloid called Crack or Free-base . 

During normal battery usage, there is no reason to expect the battery contents to leave the batteries and enter the environment in an uncontrolled manner. Accidents do occur, however, due to inadvertent or deliberate abuse, or due to battery damage caused by other events such as collisions or fires. Occurrences of this kind may generate excessive local concentrations of toxic or harmful substances or other hazards, such as acid or alkali burns, toxic vapors, or explosions, with undesirable effects on nearby persons or on the local enviromnent. Apart from the local and temporary effects, events of this kind are rare and do not significantly contribute to environmental contamination in general. 

Membranes of poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA), PDLLA modified with collagen (PDLLA/collagen) and PDLLA modified with chitosan (PDLLA/chitosan) were transplanted onto alkali-burned corneas Hyaluronic-acid-immobilized chitosan (CS-HYA) films crosslinked with EDC... 

Effect of different biomedical membranes on alkali-burned cornea was studied... 

Wound healing rate of the PDLLA/ Du et al. chitosan group was higher than in [134] the other groups. PDLLA/chitosan promoted wound healing of alkali-burned corneas in vivo and also decreased scar tissue formation... 

Although these strongly alkaline soybean glues are nearly colorless in an applied film, they cause a reddish-brown stain on wood surfaces as they cure, due to alkali burn of the cellulose itself [5], If a colorless glue line on wood is desired, the wetted soybean flour must be dispersed with a less strongly alkaline material, such as hydrated lime or ammonia... 

A successful clinical study was conducted by using limbal-derived cell sheets for the treatment of patients suffering from unilateral total corneal stem-cell deficiencies [18], which resulted from alkali burns or Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In the case of bilateral total comeal stem-cell deficiencies, an autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet was transplanted onto the ocular surface [19]. A clinical trial in France for the treatment of a bilateral limbal stem-cell deficiency had been conducted by using autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets [20]. Through this clinical trial, the treatment was safe and effective in 25 cases with a 1-year follow-up, although two patients experienced serious adverse events, which were not related to the transplantation of the cell sheets. 

Erdmann D, Hussmann J, Kucan JO (1996) Treatment of a severe alkali burn. Burns 22 41-146... 

Wang H-F, Zhang F. Research on Diphoterine for emergent rinsing off of cutaneous alkali burns [Chinese]. J Chin People s Armed Police Acad. 2008 25 28-30. 

Sawheny CP, Kaushich R. Acid and alkali burns considerations in management Burns. 

Sawheny and Kaudish [35] reported a series of 27 patients with acid and alkali burns treated over a 5-year period in Chandigarh, India [35]. Eye involvement was present in 74% of these patients, with both eyes... 

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