Chitosan immobilization

Gallifuoco A., D Ercole L., Alfani R, Cantarella M., Spagna G. and Pifferi P.G. On the use of chitosan-immobilized P-glucosidase in wine-making Kinetics and enzyme inhibition. Process Biochemistry 33... 

A. Popelka, I. Novak, M. Lehocky, I. Junkar, M. Mozetic, A. Kleinova, 1. Janigova, M. Slouf, F. Bilek, I. Chodak, A new route for chitosan immobilization onto polyethylene surface. Caibohydt Polym. 90, 1501-1508 (2012)... 

Wang, C.C., Su, C.H. Chen, C.C. 2008, Water absorbing and antibacterial properties of N-isopropyl acrylamide grafted and collagen/chitosan immobilized polypropylene nonwoven fabric and its application on wound healing enhancement . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 1006-1017. 

Amaranthus tricolor plant cells were entrapped with chitosan gel to determine the polycationic properties of chitosan on plant cell membrane permeability. On the fifth day, maximum tricolor cells were released from chitosan-immobilized cells (Knorr and Teutonico 1986). 

Knorr, D. and Teutonico, R.A. 1986. Chitosan immobilization and permeabihzation of Amaranthus tricolor cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34 96-97. 

Biomolecules themselves offer a tremendous spectrum of functionality that can be added to materials in an effort to induce the desired ceU responses. A combination of ALP and chitosan immobilization to titanium, mediated by polydopamine, resulted in reductions in bacterial adhesion and stimulation of cellular ALP activity and calcium... 

Wan,M. W,Petrisor,I. G.,Lai,H. T, Yen,T. F. Copper adsorption through chitosan immobilized on sand to demonstrate the feasibility for in situ soil decontamination. Carbohydr Polym. 2004, 55, 249-254. 

The chitosan-heparin polyelectrolyte complex was covalently immobilized onto the surface of polyacrylonitrile membrane. The immobilization caused the water contact angle to decrease, thereby indicating an increase in hy-... 

Chitosan (Fig. 27) was deposited on sihca by precipitation. The palladium complex was shown to promote the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones [80] with the results being highly dependent on the structure of the substrate. In the case of aromatic ketones, both yield and enantioselectiv-ity depend on the N/Pd molar ratio. Low palladium contents favored enan-tioselectivity but reduced the yield. Very high conversions were obtained with aliphatic ketones, although with modest enantioselectivities. More recently, the immobilized chitosan-Co complex was described as a catalyst for the enantioselective hydration of 1-octene [81]. Under optimal conditions, namely Co content 0.5 mmolg and 1-octene/Co molar ratio of 50, a 98% yield and 98% ee were obtained and the catalyst was reused five times without loss of activity or enantioselectivity. 

Tan, X.C.,Tian, Y.X., Cai, P.X. andZou, X.Y. (2005) Glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in sol—gel chitosan/silica hybrid composite film on Prussian blue modified glass carbon electrode. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 381, 500-507. 

An alumina matrix may be prepared with high pore density (more than 60 %) and pore diameters ranging from 5 to 250 nm. Ruiz-Hitzky et al. [214] immobilized GOD in nanoporous alumina membranes with regular hexagonal arrays of highly ordered cylindrical pores aligned perpendicularly to the membrane surface. GOD was anchored in the membrane by the highly hydrophilic chitosan biopolymer. Full activity was maintained for at least 50 hours. 

Henderson, W., Olsen, G.M., and Bonnington, L.S. (1994) Immobilized phosphines incorporating the chiral biopolymers chitosan and chitin./. Chem. Soc. Comm., 1863-1864. 

In view of the conductive and electrocatalytic features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), AChE and choline oxidases (COx) have been covalently coimmobilized on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for the preparation of an organophosphorus pesticide (OP) biosensor [40, 41], Another OP biosensor has also been constructed by adsorption of AChE on MWNTs modified thick film [8], More recently AChE has been covalently linked with MWNTs doped glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan composite film [11], in which biopolymer chitosan provides biocompatible nature to the enzyme and MWNTs improve the conductive nature of chitosan. Even though these enzyme immobilization techniques have been reported in the last three decades, no method can be commonly used for all the enzymes by retaining their complete activity. 

Moreover, it has been demonstrated that CNTs promote the direct electrochemistry of enzymes. Dong and coworkers have reported the direct electrochemistry of microperoxidase 11 (MP-11) using CNT-modified GC electrodes [101] and layer-by-layer self-assembled films of chitosan and CNTs [102], The immobilized MP-11 has retained its bioelectrocatalytic activity for the reduction of H202 and 02, which can be used in biosensors or biofuel cells. The direct electrochemistry of catalase at the CNT-modified gold and GC electrodes has also been reported [103-104], The electron transfer rate involving the heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple for catalase on the CNT-modified electrode is much faster than that on an unmodified electrode or other... 

Y. Miao and S.N. Tan, Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor with silica sol-gel/chitosan film as immobilization matrix. Anal. Chim. Acta 437, 87-93 (2001). 

G. Wang, J.J. Xu, H.Y. Chen, and Z.H. Lu, Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor with sol-gel/ chitosan network-like film as immobilization matrix. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 335—343 (2003). 

J.J. Feng, G. Zhao, J.J. Xu, and H.Y. Chen, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme proteins immobilized on gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan. Anal. Biochem. 342, 280-286 (2005). 

Monoglyceride (MG) is one of the most important emulsifiers in food and pharmaceutical industries [280], MG is industrially produced by trans-esterification of fats and oils at high temperature with alkaline catalyst. The synthesis of MG by hydrolysis or glycerolysis of triglyceride (TG) with immobilized lipase attracted attention recently, because it has mild reaction conditions and avoids formation of side products. Silica and celite are often used as immobilization carriers [281], But the immobilized lipase particles are difficult to reuse due to adsorption of glycerol on this carriers [282], PVA/chitosan composite membrane reactor can be used for enzymatic processing of fats and oils. The immobilized activity of lipase was 2.64 IU/cm2 with a recovery of 24%. The membrane reactor was used in a two-phase system reaction to synthesize monoglyceride (MG) by hydrolysis of palm oil, which was reused for at least nine batches with yield of 32-50%. 

With the development of enzymatic polymerization in solution, also first accounts for SIP appeared. Loos et al. [350] reported on enzymatic surface polymerization of glucose-l-phosphate with potato phosphorylase as the catalyst resulting in oligo- or poly-(a,l- 4)-D-glucopyranose. As initiator sites, immobilized malto-heptaose was used. Enzymatic grafting of hexyloxyphenol onto chitosan is reported by Payne and coworkers [351]. 

A chitosan-modified CP (ChiCP) material was prepared for the electrostatic adsorption of dsDNA, ssDNA and ODNs [92]. The immobilized ODN could selectively hybridize with the target DNA to form a hybrid on the ChiCP surface. 

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