Amides aldehydes

Acids generally absorb more strongly than esters, and esters more strongly than ketones or aldehydes. Amide absorption is usually similar in intensity to that of ketones but is subject to much greater variations. 

The addition of phenylisocyanate to aldehyde-derived enamines resulted in the formation of aminobutyrolactams (438,439). As aminal derivatives these produets can be hydrolyzed to the linear aldehyde amides and thus furnish a route to derivatives of the synthetically valuable malonaldehyde-acid system. With this class of reactions, a second acylation on nitrogen becomes possible and the six-membered cyclization products have been reported (440). Closely related to the reactions of enamines with isocyanates is the condensation of cyclohexanone with urea in base (441). 

Examples of the protection of alkynes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, amides, amines, esters, ketones, and alkenes are also indexed on p. xvii. Section (designated with an A 15A, 30A, etc.) with protecting group reactions are located at the end of pertinent chapters. 

Rovis and co-workers have also shown that pre-catalyst 129 is competent with a wide range of Michael acceptors including oc,P-unsaturated aldehydes, amides, nitriles, esters, thioesters, vinylphosphonates and vinylphosphine oxides (Scheme 12.25) [58,60],... 

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles may result in several products primary, secondary, and tertiary amines imines hydrocarbons aldehydes amides and... 

Considerable interest remains in catalyzed hydrogen-transfer reactions using as donor solvents alcohols, glycols, aldehydes, amides, acids, ethers, cyclic amines, and even aromatic hydrocarbons such as alkylben-... 

The amidocarbonylation of aldehydes provides highly efficient access to N-acyl a-amino acid derivatives by the reaction of the ubiquitous and cheap starting materials aldehyde, amide, and carbon monoxide under transition metal-catalysis [1,2]. Wakamatsu serendipitously discovered this reaction when observing the formation of amino acid derivatives as by-products in the cobalt-catalyzed oxo reaction of acrylonitrile [3-5]. The reaction was further elaborated to an efficient cobalt- or palladium-catalyzed one-step synthesis of racemic N-acyl a-amino acids [6-8] (Scheme 1). Besides the range of direct applications, such as pharmaceuticals and detergents, racemic N-acetyl a-amino acids are important intermediates in the synthesis of enantiomeri-cally pure a-amino acids via enzymatic hydrolysis [9]. 

Uses Solvent for liquids, gases, vinyl resins, wire enamels polyacrylic fibers gas carrier catalyst in carboxylation reactions organic synthesis (manufacture of aldehydes, amides, amines, esters, heterocyclics). 

G.A. Olah, M. Nojima, I. Kerekes, Synthetic methods and reactions. I. Seleniuum tetrafluoride and its pyridine complex. Convenient fluorinating agents for fluorination of ketones, aldehydes, amides, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and anhydrides, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (1974) 925-927. 

KETONES, ALDEHYDES, AMIDES, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND ESTERS ALL CONTAIN A CARBONYL CROUP... 

The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It occurs in the organic compounds known as ketones, aldehydes, amides, carboxylic acids, and esters. 

A large part of the usefulness of the Michael reaction in organic synthesis derives from the fact that almost any activated alkene can serve as an acceptor7—a, 3-unsaturated ketones, esters, aldehydes, amides, acids, lactones, nitriles, sulfoxides, sulfones, nitro compounds, phosphonates, phosphoranes, quinones,... 

Identify the kinds of carbonyl groups in the following molecules (aldehyde, amide, ester, or ketone) ... 

Electronically excited carbonyl chromophores in ketones, aldehydes, amides, imides, or electron-deficient aromatic compounds may act as electron acceptors (A) versus alkenes, amines, carboxylates, carboxamides, and thioethers (D, donors). In addition, PET processes can also occur from aromatic rings with electron-donating groups to chloroacetamides. These reactions can be versatile procedures for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with six-membered (or larger) rings [2],... 

Hydrophilic molecules are composed of ions (such as sulphonate, sulphate, carboxylate, phosphate and quaternary ammonium), polar groups (such as primary amines, amine oxides, sulphoxides and phosphine oxide) and non-polar groups with electronegative atoms (such as oxygen atom in ethers, aldehydes, amides, esters and ketones and nitrogen atoms in amides, nitroalkanes and amines). These molecules associate with the hydrogen bonding network in water. 

Carbonylation reactions of aryl chlorides may be accomplished by two different approaches. Coordination of the arene ring to a tricarbonylchromium unit facilitates oxidative addition, and carbonylation may consequently be accomplished382. Alternatively, Pd(dippp)2 (47) has proven to be a catalyst capable of converting chloroarenes to aldehydes, amides, esters or acids in good yields. This catalyst may be generated in situ, by the addition of Pd(OAc)2 and dippp. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating... 

Classification and Organization of Reactions Forming Difunctional Compounds. This chapter considers all possible difunctional compounds formed from the groups acetylene, carboxylic acid, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, amide, amine, ester, ether, epoxide, thioether, halide, ketone, nitrile, and olefin. Reactions that form difunctional compounds are classified into sections on the basis of the two functional groups of the product. The relative positions... 

Table 2 also indicates that the nucleophiles effective for vinyl ethers are relatively mild, when compared with those for isobutene (cf., Section V.B.2). In fact, stronger bases lead to inhibition or severe retardation of polymerization [36,64] ketones aldehydes, amides, acid anhydrides, dimethyl sulfoxide (retardation) alcohols, aliphatic amines, pyridine (inhibition). The choice of nucleophiles is determined by their Lewis basicity (as measured by pKb, etc. [64,103]), and this factor determines the effic-tive concentrations of the nucleophiles. For example, the required amounts of esters and ethers decrease in the order of increasing basicity (i.e., a stronger base is more effective and therefore less is needed) [101,103] tetrahydrofuran < 1,4-dioxane ethyl acetate < diethyl ether. On the other hand, for amines not only basicity but also steric factors play an important role [142] thus, unsubstituted pyridine is an inhibitor, while 2,5-dimethylpyridine is an effective nucleophile for controlled/living polymerization, although the latter is more Lewis basic. 

Strubing D, Neumann H, Jacobi von Wangelin A et al (2006) An easy and general protocol for multi-component coupling reactions of aldehydes, amides, and dienophiles. Tetrahedron 62 10962-10967... 

Because of the high discriminating capacity of MAD for sterically and/or electronically similar ethers, Yamamoto and Maruoka examined the affinity of the compound toward other substrates with oxygen-containing functional groups, for example various carbonyl compounds, including both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, amides, esters, ethers, and ketones with similar structural substituents. Binding behavior was monitored by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy of these substrates and their... 

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