Alcohols, general

The nitro alcohols generally are soluble in water and in oxygenated solvents, eg, alcohols. The monohydtic nitro alcohols are soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons the diols are only moderately soluble even at 50°C at 50°C the triol is insoluble. 

Nylons 46, 6, 66, 610, 11 and 12 are polar crystalline materials with exceptionally good resistance to hydrocarbons. Esters, alkyl halides, and glycols have little effect. Alcohols generally have some swelling action and may in fact dissolve some copolymers (e.g. nylon 66/610/6). There are few solvents for the nylons, of which the most common are formic acid, glacial acetic acid, phenols and cresols. 

The dehydration of highly fluonnated alcohols generally requires phosphorus pentoxide or sulfuric acid, but hexafluoroisobutyl alcohol is easily converted to hexafluoroisobutylene by potassium hydroxide with or without solvent at 20-... 

The development of Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation (SAE) of allylic alcohols in 1980 constitutes a breakthrough in asymmetric synthesis, and to date this method remains the most widely applied asymmetric epoxidation technique [34, 44]. A wide range of substrates can be used in the reaction ( ) -allylic alcohols generally give high enantioselectivity, whereas the reaction is more substrate-dependent with (Z)-allylic alcohols [34]. 

C17-0090. Alcohols generally are not acidic, yet phenol (Cg H5 OH) is a weak acid. Draw the Lewis... 

STEP 2. The experiments with ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol already described or mentioned indicate that a variety of alcohols can be used in the second step. It appears that unhindered primary and secondary alcohols generally will be suitable. 

Chromic acid oxidations of 2° alcohols generally give ketones in excellent yields if the temperature is controlled. 

Tertiary Alkyl Alcohols. Tertiary alkyl alcohols generally undergo facile reduction when treated with acids in the presence of organosilicon hydrides.127,136 This comparative ease of reduction reflects the enhanced stability and ease of formation of tertiary alkyl carbenium ions compared with primary and secondary carbenium ions. Thus, treatment of 1-methylcyclohexanol with mixtures of triethylsilane and aluminum chloride in dichloromethane produces near quantitative yields of methylcyclohexane with or without added hydrogen chloride in as little as 30 minutes at room temperature, in contrast to the more vigorous conditions needed for the reduction of the secondary alcohol cyclohex-anol.136... 

Diaryl and triaryl benzylic alcohols generally undergo smooth reduction to the corresponding hydrocarbons. Thus, both diphenyl- and triphenylcarbinol quickly give good to excellent yields of the corresponding substituted methanes when... 

Wines contain a complicated mixture of natural products, many of which are alcohols. Ethanol is the most abundant alcohol, at a concentration of 3-11 per cent by volume. The amounts of the other alcohols generally total no more than about 0.1-1 per cent. 

Tungsten-catalysed oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide is achieved in high yield in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate [20-22]. Secondary alcohols are converted into ketones (>90%) [e.g. 21], but primary alcohols generally are oxidized completely to the carboxylic acids [21], Aldehydes are also oxidized to the carboxylic acids [e.g. 21]. In contrast, using procedure 10.7.8.B, which is adaptable to scale up, benzyl alcohols are converted into the aldehydes benzoic acids are only formed with an excess of hydrogen peroxide [22],... 

Alcohols, their corresponding olefins and alkyl cations are in equilibrium, with the alcohol generally predominating over the olefin (Purlee et al., 1955 Taft and Riesz, 1955 Boyd et al., 1960). The alkyl cation concentration is extremely low and this species never exists as more than a transient intermediate whose relation to the solvent is little known. In 5% H2SO4 the ratio of alcohol to olefin is about 1200 to 1 at 50° for the isobutylene-tertiary butyl alcohol system (Taft and Riesz, 1955). As the temperature increases the ratio of alcohol to olefin at equilibrium decreases (Boyd et al., 1960). This can be illustrated by examining the position of equilibrium in equation (8). Values of Kp, [alcohol (1)]/ [olefin (g)], were shown to vary from 5 54 at 50° to 1-34 at 70°. The equilibrium constant [alcohol (l)]/[olefin (1)] can be calculated from... 

Methanol is known as wood alcohol. Generally, methanol is easier to find than ethanol. Sustainable methods of methanol production are currently not economi-... 

With Rh(I)/PF-PPh2, reactions of Z-allylic alcohols generally afford higher enantios-electivity than the corresponding E-isomers. We applied this process to formal total syntheses of (-)-7-hydroxycalamenene and (-)-7-hydroxycalamenenal [8], two naturally occurring sesquiterpenes in the cadinene family (Eq. 7). 

Interestingly, whereas rhodium-catalyzed isomerizations of Z-aUylic alcohols generally afford higher enantioselectivities than the corresponding T-isomers when PF-PPh2 is employed as the ligand, the opposite trend is observed for PF-P(o-Tol)2- Thus, Rh(l)/PF-P(o-Tol)2 furnishes relatively modest enantioselectivities for isomerizations of Z-aUylic alcohols (compare Tab. 4.2 with Tab. 4.1). 

Triglyceride mixtures with low free fatty acid contents (<0.5%) e.g.. Refined vegetable oils + Anhydrous short chain alcohol (generally, methanol)... 

Estazolam potentiates the CNS depressant effects of phenothiazines, narcotics, antihistamines, MAOIs, barbiturates, alcohol, general anesthetics, and TCAs. Use with cimetidine, disulfiram, oral contraceptives, and isoniazid may diminish hepatic metabolism and result in increased plasma concentrations of estazolam and increased CNS depressant effects. Fleavy smoking (more than 20 cigarettes/day) accelerates estazolam s clearance. Theophylline antagonizes estazolam s pharmacological effects. 

Triazolam potentiates the CNS depressant effects of phenothiazines, narcotics, antihistamines, MAOIs, barbiturates, alcohol, general anesthetics, and antidepressants. Use with cimetidine and disulfiram may increase triazolam s plasma concentration. 

A —C — next to an O is stabilized by extended n bonding (resonance). The RS species of alcohols generally undergoes cleavage of the bond... 

The societal and medical costs of alcohol abuse are staggering. It is estimated that about 30% of all people admitted to hospitals have coexisting alcohol problems. Once in the hospital, people with chronic alcoholism generally have poorer outcomes. In addition, each year thousands of children are born in the United States with morphologic and functional defects resulting from prenatal exposure to ethanol. Despite the investment of many resources and much basic research, alcoholism remains a common chronic disease that is difficult to treat. 

Alcohols, general reactions of, 1065 see also Aliphatic alcohols and Aromatic alcohols... 

Solubility is a very important criterium for the different uses of polysaccharides in pharmacy. Table 4 lists the solubility criteria of some polysaccharides in water. Solutions containing sugars and alcohol generally depress the solubility of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides containing carboxyl groups, i.e., pectins, alginates, and carboxy-methylcellulose, are insoluble at low pH values. They will be precipitated when the pH is lowered below 3. 

Several instructive examples from the field of sugar chemistry may be cited to illustrate the subtle interplay of sterie and electronic factors governing the direction of epoxide ring cleavage by an alcohol, generally methanol... 

The order of acidity of various liquid alcohols generally is water > primary > secondary > tertiary ROH. By this we mean that the equilibrium position for the proton-transfer reaction (Equation 15-1) lies more on the side of ROH and OHe as R is changed from primary to secondary to tertiary therefore, tert-butyl alcohol is considered less acidic than ethanol ... 

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