Alcohols general formula

PA is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthetic/degradation pathways of more complex glycerophospholipids. It usually represents less than 1% of total membrane lipids but plays a critical role in signal transduction, due to the xmique ionization properties of its phosphate group (see Chapter 3). Membrane glycerophospholipids are derived from PA by condensation with an organic alcohol (general formula X-OH). Phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant membrane lipid, results from the condensation of choline with PA (Fig. 1.14). 

Ary] 2-amino-5-(p-aminophenyl)thia2oles of the general formula 116 were prepared by condensing phenylthiosemicarbazides (115) with either w-bromoacetophenone by refluxing in alcohol for 2 hr (Method A) or with acetophenones and iodine on a steam bath for 8 hr (Method B) Scheme 53 (517), with R = para Me, MeO, Cl, Br, I, NOj, NHj, Ph ortho Me, NOjl or meta Br, I, NO. Yields ranged from 55 to 90% from Method A and 40 to 70% from Method B. 

Alkoxides. Zirconium alkoxides are part of a family of alcohol-derived compounds (219). The binary zirconium compounds have the general formula ZRX — (OR). They are easily hydrolyzed and must be prepared under anhydrous conditions. They are prepared by the reaction of zirconium tetrahahdes and alcohols ... 

The compounds formed when a hydroxyl group (-OH) is substituted for a hydrogen are called alcohols. They have the general formula R-OH. The hydroxyl radical looks exactly like the hydroxide ion, but it is not an ion. Where the hydroxide ion fits the definition of a complex ion - a chemical combination of two or more atoms that have colleetively lost or (as in this case) gained one or more electrons - the... 

The amines are a group of compounds with the general formula R-NHj, and all the common amines are hazardous. As a class the amines pose more than one hazard, being flammable, toxic, and, in some cases, corrosive. The amines are an analogous series of compounds and follow the naming pattern of the alkyl halides and the alcohols that is, the simplest amine is methyl amine, with the molecular formula of CH NHj. Methyl amine is a colorless gas with an ammonia-like odor and an ignition temperature of 806°F. It is a tissue irritant and toxic, and it is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of many chemicals. Ethyl amine is next in the series, followed by propyl amine, isopropyl amine, butyl amine and its isomers, and so on. 

LELOBINE AND LOBININE GROUPS. These include the minor alkaloids of lobelia isolated from factory residues accumulated during the manufacture of lobeline. Their isolation and separation involve complicated processes of fractionation for which the original paper should be consulted. Their inter-relationships (Table A, p. 23 and general formula, I, p. 24) are similar to those among members of the lobeline group, but the effect of the presence of three or more asymmetric carbon atoms is more evident, thus there are already known six forms of the basic dihydric alcohol, lelobaiiidine. 

Ethylmalonic Acid.—Like acetoacetic ester (see p. 83), diethylmalonate contains the gioup CO.CHj.CO. By the action of sodium or sodium alroholate, the hydrogen atoms of the methylene group are successively replaceable by sodium. The sodium atoms are in turn replaceable by alkyl or acyl groups. Thus, in the present preparation, ethyl malonic ester is obtained by the action of ethyl iodide on the monosodium compound. If this substance be treated with a second molecule of sodium alcoholate and a second molecule of alkyl iodide, a second radical would be in roduced, and a compound formed of the general formula... 

Braun i has shown that alcohols of the type of phenyl-ethyl alcohol, containing an aliphatic and an aromatic radicle, can be prepared by the reduction of nitriles of the general formula X. CN with the corresponding... 

Asymmetrical triesters of phosphoric acid of the general formula ROPO (OR,)2 (R = C8 i4 alkyl R, = C, 3 alkyl) were obtained in approximately 70% yield by treatment of a higher fatty alcohol and a Ci 3 alcohol with P0C13 in hexane or pyridine at <0°C. The products were soluble in nonpolar organic solvents and partially soluble in polar organic solvents and water. But the foamforming ability and foam stability of the compounds in water were low [11]. 

Write the general formula of each of the following types of compounds, using R to denote an organic group (a) amine (b) alcohol (c) carboxylic acid (d) aldehyde. 

Tantalum(v) chloride can be used in the generation of 72-alkyne complexes (general formula 118) which have been shown to react with aldehydes to afford, after basic aqueous workup, allylic alcohols 119 (Scheme 50).180... 

Carbonic acid esters (alkoxycarbonyl derivatives) are diesters of general formula R-O-CO-O-R. A single mechanism operates in the HO -catalyzed (and presumably also in the enzyme-catalyzed) hydrolysis of carbonic acid esters, namely a rate-determining addition of the base to the carbonyl C-atom to form an intermediate whose breakdown yields the drug (ROH), C02, and an alcohol (R OH) (Fig. 8.7,a) [153],... 

NMR spectroscopy was found to be a valuable technique for differentiation between the enantiomers of optically active compounds. The principles of the methods used to distinguish between enantiomers by means of NMR have been developed and reviewed by Mis-low and Raban (217). The best results from the point of view of the determination of optical purity and absolute configuration of chiral sulfur compounds, especially of sulfinyl compounds, have been obtained with the help of chiral solvents (218). Pirkle (86) was the first to demonstrate that enantiomeric sulfoxides have nonidentical NMR spectra when dissolved in chiral alcohols having the following general formula ... 

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