Alcohols acid phosphatase

Figure 5 Model of phosphorus (P) deficiency-induced physiological changes associated with the release of P-mobilizing root exudates in cluster roots of white lupin. Solid lines indicate stimulation and dotted lines inhibition of biochemical reaction sequences or mclaholic pathways in response to P deliciency. For a detailed description see Sec. 4.1. Abbreviations SS = sucrose synthase FK = fructokinase PGM = phosphoglueomutase PEP = phosphoenol pyruvate PE PC = PEP-carboxylase MDH = malate dehydrogenase ME = malic enzyme CS = citrate synthase PDC = pyruvate decarboxylase ALDH — alcohol dehydrogenase E-4-P = erythrosc-4-phosphate DAMP = dihydraxyaceConephos-phate APase = acid phosphatase.

Phosphates of pharmaceutical interest are often monoesters (Sect. 9.3), and the enzymes that are able to hydrolyze them include alkaline and acid phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase (alkaline phosphomonoesterase, EC 3.1.3.1) is a nonspecific esterase of phosphoric monoesters with an optimal pH for catalysis of ca. 8 [140], In the presence of a phosphate acceptor such as 2-aminoethanol, the enzyme also catalyzes a transphosphorylation reaction involving transfer of the phosphoryl group to the alcohol. Alkaline phosphatase is bound extracellularly to membranes and is widely distributed, in particular in the pancreas, liver, bile, placenta, and osteoplasts. Its specific functions in mammals remain poorly understood, but it seems to play an important role in modulation by osteoplasts of bone mineralization. 

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) occur widely in nature and are responsible for hydrolysis of orthophosphate monoethers to alcohols under acidic conditions according to the reaction... 

Alkaline phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of almost any phos-phomonoester to give Pi and the corresponding alcohol, phenol, or sugar, etc. They are distinguished from a similar group of enzymes, the acid phosphatases, primarily by the pH dependence of their catalytic activity which is higher in the alkaline range than at neutral or acid pH. 

Identical products were obtained with acid phosphatases from the various sources. d The alcohol liberated was not identified. 

Besides his fundamental research in the carbohydrate field, the functions of Courtois as the head of a hospital laboratory for many years led him to publish a number of papers dealing with clinical chemistry, among which may be cited determination of ethyl alcohol, proteins, acidic phosphatases, and trehalase in blood determination of the basic groups of proteins by phytic acid study of the phytosoluble glycoproteins in biological fluids and identification and determination of scyllitol in urine. Under the aegis of the International Pharmaceutical Federation, he participated in the standardization of the methods proposed for the assay of such enzymes as cellulases and hemicellulases. 

Acid phosphatase Yeast, seeds Monoester of phosphoric acid Alcohol + H3PO4... 

Phytase (Aspergillus niger var.) Produced as an off white to brown powder or as a tan to dark brown liquid by controlled fermentation using Aspergillus niger var. Soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether. Major active principles (1) 3-phytase and (2) acid phosphatase. Typical applications used in the production of soy protein isolate and in the removal of phytic acid from plant materials. 

Acid Phosphatase Orthophosphate monoester + H20 —> an alcohol + orthophosphate. 

Study of the distribution of acid phosphatase in different tissues is burdened by indications that there are several acid phosphatases. Even the older literature indicated the nonidentity of acid phosphatases of different origin. In 1934, Davies (D4) showed that the acid phosphatase in the red cell hydrolyzed a-glycerophosphate more readily than )8-glycerophosphate, whereas the reverse was true for the acid phosphatase from spleen. Kutscher and Wolbergs (K12) found that prostatic acid phosphatase was inactivated irreversibly by various narcotics, including alcohols. 

A non-specific bacterial acid phosphatase from Shigella flexneri (PhoN-Sf) has been screened for regioselective phosphorylation of primary alcohol(s) of more than 20 different cyclic and acyclic monosaccharides using pyrophosphate as the phosphate donor (O Scheme 61) [368]. These studies have shown that PhoN-Sf is capable of phosphorylating a range of hexoses (D-glucose epimers, glycosides, and C-2 derivatives), pentoses, heptoses, ketoses, and acyclic carbohydrates. 

S-Acetone, acetoacetate S-Acid phosphatase P-ACTH (corticotropin) S-Alcohol S-Aldolasc P,S-Aldosterone P-Amino acids S-Androstenedione S-Ascorbic acid S-Barbiturates S-BUe acids... 

Acid phosphatase Alcohol dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase Amine oxidase Aminopeptidase P Angiotensin-converting enzyme Aniline hydroxylase ATPase Arylsulfatase Carboxypeptidase M Cyclooxygenase Cytochrome oxidase Endothelin-converting enzyme... 

The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases showed preferential activity towards esters of aromatic compounds and less towards phosphoanhydrides such as nucleotide triphosphate and diphosphate and phosphotyrosine but not against phosphoserine, phos-phothreonine [26], or aliphatic alcohols [27]. 

Low molecular weight acid phosphatase Formaldehyde, derivatives of 5-arylidene-2, 4-thiazolidinedione, 1,4-butanediol AHphatic alcohols... 

Prostatic acid phosphatase Phosphate ( P04 ), vanadate ( ), arsenate ( AsO ), molybdate ( MoO ), L-(+(-tartrate, benzylaminophosphonic acid and benzylaminobenzylphosphonic acid, W-propyltartramate Aliphatic alcohols... 

In general, the addition of aliphatic alcohols to the reaction media may enhance the activity of acid phosphatases by acting as phosphate acceptors in a transphosphorylation reaction [46],... 

Pancreatic ribonuclease is markedly inhibited by heparinoids but not by mucopolysaccharides, with sulphated polyvinyl alcohol >sulphated corn amylosOsulphated cellulose > sulphated corn amylopectin> sulphated dextran, sulphated pectic acid, polyvinyl sulphonate with 2 T 7 per cent sulphur>sulphated nitro chitin, sulphated nitro chitosan and heparin . Single injections of heparin in mice result in significant inhibition of the acid alkaline ribonuclease of the liver after the injection. This probably explains the accumulation of ribonucleic acid in tissue culture cells in the presence of heparin. Heparin also inhibits rat acid phosphatase, glucuronidase , catalase , fumarase and elastase. 

Alkaline phosphatase acid phosphatase acetylcholinesterase Glycerol 3-P oxidase Alcohol oxidase Sarcosine oxidase Urease... 

Figure 5 Correlation between radius of entrapped enzyme and that of a microemulsion droplet at maximum activity. The following enzymes were investigated 1, lysozyme 2, cytochrome c 3, trypsin 4, a-chymotrypsin 5, ribonuclease 6, pepsin 7, lipase 8, peroxidase 9, acid phosphatase 10, alcohol dehydrogenase 11, lipoxygenase 12, PGH synthetase 13, laccase 14, alkaline phosphatase 15, lactate dehydrogenase 16, catalase 17, alcohol dehydrogenase. (From Ref. 38.)...

These are of low spedfidty as far as the alcohol radical R is concerned. In this category are included alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, acetylphosphatase, hexosediphosphatase, etc. 

Thiamine in meat and meat products was determined by the HPLC system with precolumn derivatization. The thiochrome derived from thiamine in the sample filtrate, treated with acid phosphatase, was extracted with isobutyl alcohol, chromatographed with chloroform-methanol (90 10, v/v), and then determined fluorometrically (17). The recovery values ranged between 84.4% and 94.2%, and the detection limit for thiamine was 0.05 ng (0.15 pmol). 

Alkaline phosphatases (APases) are nonspecific phosphomonoesterases with optimal activities at alkaline pH ( 9), as opposed to acid phosphatases which are optimally active at low pH ( 5). APases catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide variety of phosphomonoesters (ROP) to the corresponding alcohols (ROH) and inorganic phosphates (Pj) (Scheme 5.1). 

Acid phosphatases (Aps) are enzymes with a low pH that catalyze the hydrolysis of orthophosphoric monoester to alcohol and H3PO4. This enzyme has been utilized to a limited extent for the detection of pesticides through inhibition of the enzyme. AP was used with another enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOD), in abi-enzymatic biosensor for the determination of malathion, methyl parathion, and paraoxon. Biocatalytic hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of acid phosphatase was reversibly... 

Alcohol dehydrogenase, 178 Alkaline error, 149 Alkaline phosphatase, 185 Alkanethiols, 46, 123 Alkoxide precursor, 120 Amino acids, 92, 187 Ammonium sensor, 181, 182 Amperometric sensors, 172 Aniline, 35, 39... 

Enzymes that react with a specific type of ester linkage are known as general hydrolysing enzymes. Thus lipases hydrolyse a wide range of organic esters. Generally, phosphatases will break down phosphate esters into phosphoric acid and an alcohol. 

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