Alcohol absorption rates

Yeah, -those are the Carboxylic brothers, and you knovt vrhat their alcohol absorption rate is. ... 

The relationship between alcohol levels and impairment is further complicated by drinkers expectancies about the level of impairment produced by alcohol. One study found that, as well as the rate of alcohol absorption, drinkers who expected more impairment from alcohol were worse on a psychomotor task than those who expected relatively less impairment, but had the same weight and history of drinking... 

Tadalafil pharmacokinetics in patients with ED showed linear relation with respect to dose and duration of treatment, and a one-compartment model adequately described the data. The absorption rate was rapid (1.86 h ), and the t)q)ical population estimates of the apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution were 1.6 L/h and 63.8 L, respectively. Disposition parameters showed a moderate degree of interindividual variability (39-45%). The value of CL/F decreased slightly with increasing serum y-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentration, the only statistically significant covariate detected. Systemic exposure to tadalafil was not influenced by age, weight, smoking status, alcohol consumption, liver enz nne status, ED severity, cardiovascular condition, or diabetes mellitus. 

Due to a number of influencing factors, the amounts of alcohol absorbed per time unit vary greatly in the individual case. Thus the rate of hepatocyte exposure to alcohol is also influenced. Eurthermore, different absorption rates occur depending on the mental state (e.g. balanced mood, aggressive excitation, exhaustion accompanied by resignation) and the physical condition (e. g. resting, carrying out heavy work). 

Several drugs used as topical anesthetics are not readily soluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents. They are, thus, prepared in alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, volatile oils, and other vehicles suitable for surface application. Their slower absorption rates make them safer for topical use on abraded or lacerated tissue. They produce anesthesia for short periods. 

As discussed above, the reversible absorption capacity of the solution of amide 8 was better than those of amino alcohols under 1 atm of COj, though the absorption rate of the former compound was slower. However, when CO2 absorption was carried out by bubbling a gaseous mixture of COj and Ng in a ratio of 1 9, the COj loading value of the solution of 8 significantly dropped as compared to that of monoethanolamine, as shown in Table 2. The absorption ability of the solution of 8 became poor and its reversible absorption capacity was no better than that of monoethanolamine, either, under these conditions employed. This may be interpreted that the absorption ability of the tertiary amide 8 was highly dependent... 

The GABA receptors are one locus that likely is a specific neural site of alcohol s action in the body. Identifying a specific receptor mechanism is difficult, however, because alcohol s effects on the body are so diffuse. Alcohol is a food primarily absorbed from the small intestine. The rate of alcohol absorption can vary widely according to an individual s physiological and situational factors. 

Holt, S. (1981) Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying. 

Vehicle-dependent effects are relevant not only because solvents and suspending agents allow delivery of higher concentrations, but also because the choice of vehicle can alter absorption rate. This may be related to decreased stomach emptying rate (for vegetable oils) or altered partitioning among fluid phases in the GI tract and across the epithelial cell membranes. Lipophilic compounds dissolved in oil will not be absorbed until the oil phase is acted upon by bile salts, converted to chylomicrons, and absorbed. If the compounds are dissolved or suspended in water, they may partition much more rapidly into cells this may be facilitated by rapid absorption of a water-miscible solvent such as alcohol or DMSO. 

The use of log +app values is appropriate for absorption rate constants but not for binding or equilibrium constants. In such cases, the biological activity parameters have to be corrected for the concentration of either the neutral or the ionized form, dependent on the species that interacts with the protein [75]. An investigation of the inhibition of monoaminoxidase by alcohols and amines shows that the amines (7=0) have much higher activities than the alcohols (7=1) and that the inhibitory activity of the amines decreases with increasing pH values. The corresponding QSAR equation (Eq. (41)) uses pifa/pH-corrected log 1 jKt values [59,60] ... 

Unlike all the other substituted 9-bromofluorenes, the highly acidic 3-nitro-9-bromo isomer is converted extensively into its conjugate base by bases in /-butyl alcohol . The rate of elimination can thus be followed by monitoring the absorption of the blue carbanion rather than the red olefinic product, as is otherwise employed. Extensive carbanion formation is also observed with 4-nitrobenzyl chloride and 4-nitrodiphenylmethyl chloride. For all three of these substrates, the rate of elimination shows a complex dependence on the substrate concentration, but an inverse dependence on the medium basicity. This observation is not consistent with a carbene mechanism but accords with the displacement scheme if the substrate is always more than half-ionised under the reaction conditions. To achieve a rapid successful preparative conversion to the dimeric olefin, it is necessary to keep the substrate in an excess of the base in order to maximise the concentration of unionised substrate on which the carbanion can exert a displacement. 

A study in 7 subjects found that 20 mg of intravenous metoclopramide increased the rate of alcohol absorption, and the peak blood levels were raised from 55 to 86 mg%. Similar results were seen in 2 healthy subjects given metoclopramide orally. Another study in 7 healthy subjects found that 10 mg of intravenous metoclopramide accelerated the rate of absorption of alcohol 70 mg/kg given orally, and increased its peak levels, but not to a statistically significant extent. Blood alcohol levels remained below 12 mg%. More importantly the sedative effects of the alcohol were increased. The reasons for this effect are not fully understood, but it appears to be related to an increase in gastric emptying. These two studies were done to find out more about intestinal absorption mechanisms rather than to identify daily practicalities, so the importance of the findings is uncertain. However, it seems possible that the effects of alcohol will be increased. Metoclopramide alone can sometimes cause drowsiness, and if affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery. 

One study found that fluvoxamine 150 mg daily with alcohol impaired alertness and attention more than alcohol alone, whereas another study in subjects given 40 g of alcohol (blood-alcohol levels up to 70 mg%) found no evidence to suggest that the addition of fluvoxamine 50 mg twice daily worsened the performance of the psychomotor tests, and it even appeared to reverse some of the effects. The pharmacokinetics of alcohol were hardly affected by fluvoxamine, but the steady state maximum plasma levels of the fluvoxamine were increased by 20%, although the fluvoxamine AUC was unchanged. It was suggested that administration of alcohol may have promoted dissolution of fluvoxamine and increased the absorption rate without affecting bioavailability. Another study also found that fluvoxamine does not appear to enhance the detrimental effects of alcohol on the performance of psychomotor tests. ... 

PVC with more rapid plasticizer absorption rate than one prepared with poly(vinyl alcohol) 90% conversion... 

With this notation in mind, we can now quantify the rate of absorption and elimination of various amounts of alcohol. Figure 11-1 (based on data by Wilkinson et al 1977) presents the BAC reached at different times after drinking alcohol, when it is consumed all at once on an empty stomach. Several things should be noted in this figure. First, as can be seen from the multiple graphs in this figure, ftie peak alcohol level reached and the time it takes the body to dispose of it are directly related to the amount of alcohol consumed. Second, alcohol absorption is much quicker than its metabolism or elimination. The elimination is relatively... 

The human toxicology of methanol has been studied [6,71,72]. The skin absorption rate has been reported to be 0.19 m cm2/min [73]. Methanol vapor uptake by the lungs is effective, usually 7080% (74). In the liver, methanol goes through oxidation metabolism catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (an enzyme), producing toxic formaldehyde and formic acid. The accumulation of formic acid leads to acidosis, dama g the nervous system, particularly the optic nerves, and the retina. In the copresence of ethanol, ethanol is selectively metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase over methanol this delays methanol intoxication and allows detoxication by the natural elimination of methanol via respiration and urination. The methanol elimination half-life is about 23 h [6]. Because of the slow elimination, methanol can be re rded as a cumulative poison [68]. Chronic oq)osure may result in sufficient methanol accumulation in the body, and illness. 

Mori and Hirose 2009). Other polymers, e.g. ethylene vinyl alcohol polymer (EVOH), have an equivalent or even better gas barrier property than TLCPs under dry condition. However, the water absorption rate of EVOH is high due to its hydrophilic nature, which results in a sharp drop of barrier properties with increasing water absorption rate. Moreover, the barrier property of EVOH diminishes at temperatures above the glass transition temperature Tg (about 60 °C) meanwhile, the Tg of EVOH diminishes with the increasing water absorption rate. These effects accelerate the decrease in the barrier property (Massey 2003). 

Once an alcoholic beverage has made its way from the bottle to the stomach, it is rapidly absorbed. If the stomach is empty, peak alcohol concentrations in the bloodstream will occur about 30-45 minutes after ingestion of a single alcoholic drink. However, fatty foods, such as milk, can slow the absorption rate from the stomach by about threefold. For spirits and other strong drink, food also diminishes the alcohol concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa of the gut wall. However, this concentration effect is not really significant for weaker drinks like beer. 

The flash photolysis of s-trinitrobenzene (TNB) aerated solns in alcohols generated a transient species with absorption maxima at 430 and 51 Onm (Ref 27). The yield of the transient was a function of oxygen concn, and its rate of formation was viscosity dependent. In deaerated solns, instead of the transient, a brown permanent product, identified as a charge transfer... 

Another intermediate of the photolysis of TiO was observed in experiments with platinized particles (in the absence of polyvinyl alcohol). The spectrum shown in Fig. 22 is prraent immediately after the laser flash. The signal decays as shown by the inset in the figure. The rate of decay is not influenced by oxygen but is increased by oxidizable compounds such as Br ions in the solution. The broad absorption band in Fig. 22 with a maximum at 430 nm was attributed to trapped positive holes. Chemically, a trapped hole is an 0 radical anion. In homogeneous aqueous solution, 0 ... 

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