Alcohol, absolute industrial

Dissolve 1 g. of the ketomethylene compound and 1 1 g. or 2 2 g. of pure benzaldehyde (according as to whether the compound may be regarded as RCOCHjR or as RCHjCOCHjR ) in about 10 ml. of rectified (or methylated) spirit, add 0 5 ml. of 5.N -sodium hydroxide solution, shake and allow the mixture to stand for about an hour at room temperature. The benzylidene derivative usually crystallises out or will do so upon scratching the walls of the vessel with a glass rod. Filter off the solid, wash it with a little cold alcohol, and recrystallise it from absolute alcohol (or absolute industrial spirit). 

Methylated (industrial) irit Rectified spirit (95 % CjHgOH) Ethyl alcohol (absolute) Benzene. Light petroleum (petroleum ether). ... 

Most alcohol is sold as 95% ethanol-5 % water since it forms an azeotrope at that temperature. To obtain absolute alcohol, a third component, such as benzene, must be added during the distillation. This tertiary azeotrope carries over the water and leaves the pure alcohol behind. Common industrial alcohol is denatured, and additives are purposely included to make it nondrinkable and therefore not subject to the high taxes of the alcoholic beverage industry. 

CAS 64-17-5 EINECS/ELINCS 200-578-6 UN 1170 (DOT) UN 1986 (DOT) UN 1987 (DOT) FEMA2419 Synonyms Absolute alcohol Absolute ethanol Distilled spirits Ethanol Ethanol, undenatured Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol, undenatured Ethyl hydrate Ethyl hydroxide EtOH Grain alcohol IMS Industrial methylated spirit Methylcarbinol Spirits of wine Definition Undenatured ethyl alcohol Empirical CjHeO Formula CH3CH2OH... 

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. This method is appHed to low odored flowers, which do not yield appreciable oil on steam or water distillation, or flowers of valuable but dehcate odor (such as jasmin), which are destroyed on such treatment. Pommades, as such, are seldom used by the industry at present (ca 1995), but are further processed to provide more concentrated extracts such as absolutes. Absolutes, being alcohol-soluble, are much more convenient forms for the perfumer. 

Technical-grade chloroform generally contains one or more stabilizers, which vary according to specification requirements. The most common is 50 ppm 2-methyl-2-butene [513-35-9]. Other stabilizers are industrial methylated spirit (0.2%), absolute alcohol (0.6—1%), thymol, /-butylphenol, or -octylphenol (0.0005—0.01%). A representative technical quaUty chloroform contains the following amounts of the indicated substances (maximum) ... 

The first successful appHcation of heterogeneous azeotropic distillation was in 1902 (87) and involved using benzene to produce absolute alcohol from a binary mixture of ethanol and water. This batch process was patented in 1903 (88) and later converted to a continuous process (89). Good reviews of the early development and widespread appHcation of continuous azeotropic distillation in the prewar chemical industry are available (90). 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

The strength of alcohol commonly used in the US is 95% (190 proof), while 96% is used in Europe. For prepn of perfumes the 70% alcobol is used. TTie so-called absolute alcobol (200 proof) is at least 99% and its use is restricted. to analytical purposes or research. The so-called industrial alcohol is unfit to drink because it contains up to 5% methanol (wood alcohol) or benzene. Such alcohol is known as denatured and it is briefly described in Vol 3 of Encycl, p D63-R. Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent for expls, rocket fuels, rubbers, detergents, etc. Mixture of 1 part alcobol with 2 parts eth (described in Vol 5 of Encycl as Diethyl Ether) used as a solvent in dehydration of Pyrocellulose in manuf of single-base propint, such as described in Davis (Ref 2) and also on p C399 of Vol 3 of Encycl, under "Colloiding Agents and Colloidal Propellants ... 

Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane. 

A dilute solution of ethanol is obtained, which can be concentrated by distillation to a constant-boiling point mixture that contains 95.6% ethanol by weight. Dehydration of the remaining few percent of water to give absolute alcohol is achieved either by chemical means or by distillation with benzene, which results in preferential separation of the water. Ethanol also is made in large quantities by fermentation, but this route is not competitive for industrial uses with the hydration of ethene. Isopropyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol also are manufactured by hydration of the corresponding alkenes. 

Colourless liquid spirituous odour miscible with water in all proportions binary mixture with water contains 75-57% alcohol, and boils at 78-1° at 760 mms. B.P. 760 pure alcohol, 78-3° B.P. 2113° D. 0-790. It forms a ternary mixture with benzene and water, and this property is utilised in the manufacture of industrial absolute alcohol. (J. C. S., 81, 707 see Preparation 198 B., 38, 3612.)... 

The grade of ethyl acetate used in the preparation is very important. The absolute ethyl acetate (99.7 per cent) sold by the U. S. Industrial Alcohol Company is very satisfactory. If tips grade is not available the ordinary ester may be purified by washing first with sodium carbonate solution, then with saturated calcium chloride solution and finally drying over anhydrous potassium carbonate. 

A solution of 15 g 3,4,5-trimethoxy propiophenone in a little absolute alcohol is stirred in, under warming in a bath (of saturated chlorine calcium solution), alternating with larger pieces sodium and alcohol, whereby at least 75 g sodium and 600 ccm absolute alcohol is necessary. After the sodium disappears in the mixture, is diluted with water (2L), acidified with hydrochloric acid, the alcohol distilled and then extracted with ether. Evaporation of the ether leaves 9 g of Divarin dimethylether. Source Asahina 1936 For use of selenium dioxide to crack off para methoxy group see page 180 in Amphetamine Syntheses Industrial. 

In addition to the raw materials commonly used for the production of flavours, such as synthetic flavouring substances, uniform natural flavouring substances (gained by fermentation respectively biotechnological methods), essential oils, absolutes, essences etc., aqueous alcoholic distillation and extraction are processes which are specifically used today for the production of raw materials for the sector of alcoholic beverages, just as they have been for many years in the spirits industry. 

Grade USP (95% by volume), absolute, pure, completely denatured, specially denatured, industrial, various proofs (one-half the proof number is the percentage of alcohol by volume). 

---