Airplane construction

Aluminum is very malleable, as anyone can see from the thin rolls of aluminum foil (sometimes wrongly called tin foil ) used in modem kitchens. Toothpaste tubes are made of aluminum, and so are many toys and various parts of cars. There is even an artificial ruby made of a compound of aluminum, used in jeweled watches. Aluminum does not corrode, and so it is used for kitchenware and for many items in the construction industry. Because aluminum is light, it is used a great deal in airplane construction. 

There is archeological evidence to indicate that early Egyptians used casein adhesives 5,000 years ago (i). Caseins have been used in Germany since about 1880 and in the United States since around 1900 (2). Impetus for the use of blood and caseins in wood gluing was generated by their extensive use in airplane construction during World War I (i-3). This led to broader commercial... 

Aluminum. The second element in group III, aluminum, is an important metal. Its density is only 2.712 g/cm, and it is strong as well as light, and is ductile and malleable. It finds extensive use as a structural metal, especially in airplane construction. 

Thanks to their high quality, EP resins are also often used as matrix for expensive fibers, e.g., as CFG in airplane construction. In order to assure precisely reproducible laminate structure, mostly epoxy prepregs are used for high-quality applications. 

The vast majority of airplanes before 1930 were constructed from wood and fabric, with some having... 

Hydraulic fluids are a very large class of materials that are used in machines and equipment to transfer pressure from one point to another. They are used in many ways including all fluids for car automatic transmissions, brakes, and power steering. Hydraulic fluids are also used in many machines like tractors and other farm equipment, forklift trucks, bulldozers, and other construction equipment, and airplanes. In industry, hydraulic fluids are used in machines that push, lift, pull, turn, and hold things. This profile covers only three of the many types of... 

Owing to its low specific weight, magnesium and its alloys are particularly suited for the construction of airplanes. 

Pure aluminum is soft, light, and malleable. It is the most common metal in the Earth s crust (ca. 8 %). Small amounts of Cu or Mg additives make it hard and firm. The surface is passivated with an oxide layer. Produced by fused-salt molten flux electrolysis. Cannot be welded, but is nevertheless optimal for airplanes (in which case it is riveted), construction units (windows, frames), and utensils such as cans, foil, and tubes. Increasingly found in cars in order to minimize weight. Tiny holes are burnt into extremely thin aluminum films in data-storage units. It has no function in physiology, but Al ions in the bloodstream can be detrimental. 

Shiny silvery metal that is relatively soft in its pure form. Forms a highly resistant oxide coat. Used mainly in alloys, for example, in construction steel. Tiny amounts, in combination with other elements such as chromium, makes steel rustproof and improves its mechanical properties. Highly suited for tools and all types of machine parts. Also applied in airplane turbines. Chemically speaking, the element is of interest for catalysis (for example, removal of nitric oxides from waste gases). Vanadium forms countless beautiful, colored compounds (see Name). Essential for some organisms. Thus, natural oil, which was formed from marine life forms, contains substantial unwanted traces of vanadium that need to be removed. 

Such polymer composites (that will not be treated in this chapter) can be used as precursors to the C3 materials where the polymer is converted into a carbon phase with a low content of heteroatoms. A well-developed sp2 structure is desired, with its basic structural units being oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis. The required excellent mechanical and transport properties in the weak direction of the initial fiber can thus be delivered. This material is now called carbon and finds widespread application in energy-related structural material applications such as electric passenger cars, as construction material for airplanes and as the core structure of turbine blades for windmills and compression turbines. 

The petroleum refining companies have an intermediate position, since 44% of the products are sold directly to individuals, as gasoline and lube oil at gasoline stations. The other main customers are the four transportation industries taking 12% of products as jet fuel for airplanes, bunker oil for ships, and kerosene for buses and trucks. The Utility-sector buys heavy fuel oil to generate heat and electricity. The heavy sale to the Construction industry is both for fuel and for asphalt for paving roads and for roofs. 

Fuze, Supersensitive. A PD fuze which is designed to function dependably and instantly at the slightest touch with a very light target such as fabric of an airplane wing. Its construction is similar to SQ fuze, except that the firing pin in the nose is free floating when armed (Ref 17, p 126 and Ref 38b, p 128)... 

In the 1930s, more than 90 percent of the natural rubber used in the United States came from Malaysia. In the days after Pearl Harbor was attacked in December 1941 and the United States entered World War II, however, Japan captured Malaysia. As a result, the United States—the land with plenty of everything, except rubber—faced its first natural resource crisis. The military implications were devastating because without rubber for tires, military airplanes and jeeps were useless. Petroleum-based synthetic rubber had been developed in 1930 by DuPont chemist Wallace Carothers but was not widely used because it was much more expensive than natural rubber. With Malaysian rubber impossible to get and a war on, however, cost was no longer an issue. Synthetic rubber factories were constructed across the nation, and within a few years, the annual production of synthetic rubber rose from 2000 tons to about 800,000 tons. 

Density—While the density of thermal insulation is low enough not be a problem in most eases, density lor mass-weight) must be considered in airplanes, balloons and other amiicrreslrial constructions. 

The post WWII period of aeronautical development began with only US and Russia engaged in airship construction and this only to a limited extent due to competition from airplanes Balloons, Application, in War. The first use of balloons by the military appears to date from the period of the French revolutionary wars(1789-99), when a corps of aeronauts was formed and sent by the French in balloons over the Dutch add Austrian troops. The unexpected appearance of balloons had a demoralizing effect on the enemy and caused them to retreat. Later(1812), the Prussians employed balloons against the Napoleonic troops, but without great success. Balloons were also used for bombing purposes, as briefly described under Bombs, Hiseorical(see under BOMBS)... 

Some experts estimate about 10 percent of the aerosols in the atmosphere come from human-made sources, mainly from burning things.11 Car engines, power plants, airplanes, and trains all burn fuel and emit smoky aerosols. In addition, cleared land and construction sites stir up dirt and dust to form aerosols. 

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