Fibers initiator

Fiber Initial modulus (GN/m-) Ultimate tensile strength (MN/m=) Elongation at break (%) Flexural modulus (MN/m-)... 

Potassium carboxylate groups introduced onto the surface of carbon fibers initiated anionic polymerization of epoxides (e.g., styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and glycidyl phenyl ethers) and cyclic acid anhydrides (e.g., maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride) in the presence of 18-crown-6 [41]. 

Hot peppers and painful heat both activate sensory nerve fibers through an ion channel, known as vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1). When activated, the channel opens, allowing an influx of calcium and sodium ions. The influx depolarizes neuronal pain fibers, initiating a nerve impulse through the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to the brain. Noxious heat also activates VR1, explaining why our mouths feel hot when we eat chilli peppers. 

On the other hand, chemicals might be chosen as agents for generation of active centers in the polymeric backbone and grafting of monomer in the vapor phase. Ammonium persulfate and styrene (189), acrylic acid (190), butyl acrylate (191), potassium persulfate and n-butyl maleate or 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (55,134) and ammonium ceric nitrate and methacrylic add (192) are examples of this method. Benzoyl peroxide deposited on polycaprolactam fibers initiates the grafting of styrene in vapor phase (193). 

Isotherms. When a fiber is immersed in a dyebath, dye moves from the external phase into Lhe fiber. Initially the rate is quick but with time this slows and eventually an equilibrium is reached between the concentration of dye in the fiber and the concentration of dye in the dyebath. For a given initial dyebath concentration of a dye under given dyebath conditions, e.g.. temperature, pH, and conductivity, there is an equilibrium concentration of dye in fiber, D, and dye in the dyebath external solution, D,. Three models describe this relationship simple partition isotherm. Freundlich isotherm, and Langmuir isotherm. 

For those composites initially having some of the fibers intact, there will always be some which must be stretched elastically. This will require a stress which will tend towards the value given by Eqn. (60) with / replaced by /, the volume fraction of fibers initially intact. If a relaxation test were carried out, the stress would become asymptotic to the level predicted by Eqn. (60). The remaining broken fibers will interact with the matrix in a complex way, but at a given strain and strain rate, a characteristic stress contribution can be identified in principle. Details have not been worked out. However, the total stress would be the sum of the contribution from the broken and unbroken fibers. If the transient behavior is ignored (i.e., assumed to die away relatively fast compared to the strain rate), a basic model can be constructed. 

Ryser, U., Cotton fiber initiation and histodifferentiation, in Cotton Fibers, Developmental Biology, Quality Improvement, and Textile Processing, Basra, A.S., Ed., Haworth Press, Binghamton, New York, 1999, chap. 1, pp. 21-29. 

Perfusion MBRs have been introduced for the production of monoclonal antibodies. The mammalian cells that synthesize them are grown in the extracapillary space between the fibers in the module. Nutrients are supplied through the fibers, which also extract the metabolites continuously. The high cell concentrations between the fibers initiate high antibody harvests. These MBRs are also being investigated as an alternative concept for bioartificial organs such as liver and pancreas. 

Biacetyl diffused onto the pre-wetted fiber initially. Then, as monomer vapors were introduced and the surface was irradiated with ultraviolet-visible light, the excited biacetyl dissociated to yield acetyl radicals or decayed to its more stable triple state through intersystem crossing. These radical species abstract accessible hydrogens from the substrate or near the surface of the fiber substrate, which in turn react with monomer in the proximity or possibly within the solvent wetting the substrate. Growing pol)rmer chains were terminated in a manner whereby only limited initiation of homopol3nnerization occurred. 

Table III. Transfer of Amerlclum(III) Through a DHDECMP Membrane on Accurel Hollow Fibers. (Initial [Am]>10 g/1)...

Another useful solution of Bessel s equation occurs with the case of a cylindrical fiber initially at uniform concentration Co and subjected to the condition that there is a constant transfer rate at the surface (corresponding to constant... 

Among the technogies of making micro fibers, there has been developed a couple of methods to directly spin through minute spinnerets, or a sea-island fiber and a partition fiber etc.. The technology of spining micro fibers,initiated from the development of man-made leathers,has been applied to that of woven and knitted fabics in general. 

Fig. 3 In situ observation on the formation of an N-lauro)d-L-glutamic acid di-w-butylamide (GP-1) fiber network, (a) The formation of primary fibers initiates from a nucleation center. The formation of GP-1 fibers and the branching process is shown by (a)-(h), in which the time interval between two neighboring photographs is of 0.2 s. Solvent 1,2-propanediol a = 6.92 T = 330 K...

T(X2> In particular, according to the present quasistatic theory in which ( ) and (b) are assumed, a fiber initially in equilioriura in a state of homogeneous strain with X. < cannot be drawn without passing through a state in which the tension equals T(Xj ), which is, of course, greater than T, the equilibrium tension in a fully developed draw. 

Technical bast fibers are obtained by mechanical extraction [1]. These methods are based generally on fibers initially decorticated on the field. Next they are extracted stationary by converting the decorticated aggregates to technical fiber grades. The hard (leaf) fibers are extracted by traditional methods. After harvesting, the leaves are depulped, the fibers are washed, diyed and combed by rotating brushes. 

TABLE 3.2 Expected and experimentally-observed concentrations at which fiber initiation [at (ne)soin Zl and continuous fiber formation [at (ne)soin 3.5] occur in several polymer/solvent systems... 

Schematic of two adjacent weft fibers subjected to various finishing treatments. In (a), swelling of the fibers by absorbing the moisture in air in (b)-(d), various treated fibers initially dried and increasing their size by swelling. 

Fatigue splitting Cracks along fiber initiate at surface and break with long, thin tails Nylon, PET, acrylics, aromatic polyamides [35,36,40, 41]... 

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