Aircraft traffic

All of these were given in Table 6-2 of the last chapter. More recently, digital technology has replaced this type of CRT using long decay phosphors. A computer-controlled display utilizing a full color CRT has been developed for aircraft traffic control. Therein, the direction, size of target and altitude of aircraft are directly displayed upon the phosphor screen. 

Other forms of pollution are noise from aircraft, traffic, and industry and the disposal of radioactive waste. 

Aircraft traffic and proximity to nearby (15 km) airports, if any, types and numbers of aircraft (civil, military, sizes, movements) ... 

Aircraft Fuels. Demand for aviation gas turbine fuels has been growing more rapidly than demand for other petroleum products since 1960, about 3—5% per year compared with 1% for all oil products. This strong demand reflects a current and predicted growth in worldwide air traffic of 4—7% annually until the end of the century. Total world oil demand will be up by 15% by the year 2000, but aviation fuel demand will increase by 50—125%. However, the fraction of the oil barrel devoted to aviation, now about 8%, will increase only slightly. 

Skis, both for people and for aircraft, used to be made of waxed wood. Down to about -10° C, the friction of waxed wood on snow is very low - [jl is about 0.02 - and if this were not so, planes equipped with skis could not take off from packed-snow runways, and the winter tourist traffic to Switzerland would drop sharply. Below -10° C, bad things start to happen (Fig. 26.6) (jl rises sharply to about 0.4. Polar explorers have observed this repeatedly. Wright, a member of the 1911-13 Scott expedition, writes Below 0°F (-18°C) the friction (on the sledge runners) seemed to increase progressively as the temperature fell it caused the expedition considerable hardship. What determines the friction of skis on snow ... 

General Considerations 1 Location of people relative to the unit 2 Location of critical systems 3 Dominant wind direction 4 Climate and weather extremes earthquake, flooding, windstorms 5 Site topography 6 External hazards or threats (fire/explosion/toxic release from nearby process or facility aircraft subsidence sabotage) 7 Traffic flow patterns and clearances from process vessels and lines 8 Security and reliability of all critical feeds and utilities 9 Command center and alternate command center locations 10 Evacuation routes, emergency exits, safe rally spots... 

Firstly air traffic and the emission of pollutants from air traffic have increased rapidly over the last two to three decades, and the prognosis for future emissions indicate continued rapid increases over several decades to come. What is particular significant is that the increase is expected to be much larger than the general emission of pollutants. This means that we should expect the impact of aircraft emissions on the environment to become more important in the future than it is today. An obvious consequence of this is that good prognosis of future aircraft emissions are essential for performing reliable future estimates of aircraft emissions. 

Most of the aircraft emissions occur in particular regions determined by the main flight corridors. Up to present time, these emissions have basically been over Europe and the US, and over the North Atlantic along the flight corridor for traffic between Europe and the US. Towards 2015 significant increases in traffic between Europe and South East Asia and between the US and South East Asia is expected to occur. 

The effects of aircraft emissions on NOy and H2O are much larger over the Northern than over the Southern Hemisphere in line with the air traffic patterns. 

Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) were introduced for vessel traffic control and represent a ship-based broadcast system operating in the VHF maritime band. Apart from ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore AIS systems there are airborne AIS transponders that make dynamic vessel information available to airborne surveillance platforms. Examples of information provided by airborne AIS are time, position, heading, course, speed, IMO number, destination, type of cargo and estimated time of arrival. This information is of general interest in airborne maritime surveillance, including search and rescue operation and oil spill monitoring. Especially the GIS integration of AIS information as well as its online visualisation onboard the surveillance aircraft are considered beneficial for oil spill response since it allows the identification of potential polluters. 

---