Air marshal

The 1985 tragedy of Air India Flight 182, which exploded off Ireland en route from Montreal to London, stimulated an intensified effort to thwart terrorists. The International Security and Development Act of 1985 provided for air marshals and expanded FAA s R D for airport security. Thermal neutron analysis (TNA) and a number of sniffer technologies for trace explosives detection, which had been developed under FAA sponsorship, were accelerated toward commercial production. 

Ranz and Marshall (13) carefully studied the evaporation of water droplets in still and moving air. They found that the steady-state temperature at the surface of a small evaporating drop was the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air. Marshall considered the dependence of the effective mass transfer coefficient on air velocity to be determined largely by the boundary layer of less mobile air at the droplet surface, and he reported correlations which show that varied linearly with v1/2. Ranz and Marshall s data clearly show this relation, which we may write as Equation 5. 

Four days later, early on the evening of 2 December 1943, the air raid sirens began to wail. That same afternoon, British Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham had called a press conference to announce what he considered to be the total Allied air supremacy over southern Italy. I would regard it, he told the reporters, as a personal affront and insult if the Luftwaffe was to attempt any significant action in this area. 36 Now, at 7.30 pm, one hundred Ju 88 German bombers roared in to inflict what proved to be the worst seaport disaster suffered by the Allies since Pearl Harbor. 

Clamency phosgene factory, 50 Clarendon Laboratory, 114 CN riot gas, 194 cobra venom, 211 Cockayne, William, 176-7 Colby, William, 211, 212, 262 Collinge, Lieutenant, 26 Colorado Beetle, 87, 97, 99 Combined Chiefs of Staff, 89, 122, 135, 249 Coningham, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 120 Creasy, William M., 164, 247, 250 CS riot gas, 194-5, 2 >4 Cuba, 220, 259, 263 cyanide, 211 cyanogen chloride, 59 Cyprus, 143. 194... 

McCormack, Air Marshal E., (1999), Flying Safety within the Australian Defence Force, Paper preserrted at the Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators Conference, Surfer s Paradise, Australia, Jrme 5. 

The hot mixes are designed by using a standard laboratory compaction procedure to develop a composition reflecting estabUshed criteria for volume percent air voids, total volume percent voids between aggregate particles, flow and stabdity, or compressive strength. Tests such as the Marshall, Unconfined Compression, Hubbard-Field, Triaxial Procedure, or the Hveem stabdometer method are used (109). 

FIG. 12-45 Classification of dryers, based on method of beat transfer. [Re-oised from Marshall, Heat, Piping Air Cond., 18, 71 (1946).]... 

Maximum Charge (Charge Umite in Fr) is the max charge of an expl that can be fired in a coal mine without causing ignition of firedamp and/or coal dust in air Ref Marshall 2, 585 (1917)... 

Mercury (Quicksilver, Hydrargyrum), Hg, at wt 200.61, silvery liq, mp —38.87°, bp 356.9°, d 13.546g/cc at 20°. Insol in w, HC1, ale and eth sol In nitric acid. Sometimes found native poisonous. Can be prepd by heating the ore cinnabar (HgS) either in air or with lime. Forms numerous salts, some of which are very expl, eg, Hg fulminate, Hg azide, etc. The presence of Hg in expls, even in minute quants, is unde-sireable because it affects the result of thermal stability tests. Marshall (Ref 1) describes various tests used in Engl and Ger for its detection in different expls and propints Refs 1) Marshall 2, 708-12(1917) 2) Mellor... 

For quantitative work, it is necessary to estimate the concentration of 5-amino-l-(P-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole in aqueous solution. It seems that the only available method is the Bratton-Marshall assay, which was originally developed for the estimation of arylamines in biological fluids. The principle of the method is the spectrometric estimation of a salmon-pink colored dyestuff obtained by diazotation in situ, followed by coupling with /V-( 1 -naphthyl)ethyl-enediamine.65 The only remaining problem then is to know the molar extinction of this dye because pure samples of AIRs are not available. A value of 16800 at 520 nM was obtained for the dyes prepared from a model compound, 5-amino-l-cyclohexylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid (54), which is crystalline. A comparable molar extinction can be expected for the dye prepared from imidazole 55, if the carboxyl group does not exert too much influence on the chromophore. Actually, its influence is perceptible even with the naked eye, the dyestuff prepared from 53 having a somewhat different, wine-red color, with max>520 nM. The molar extinction for 55 is 17400 at 500 nM. When the decarboxylation of 54 was conducted under mild acidic conditions (pH 4.8, 50°C, 1 hour), estimation of 5-aminoimidazole 55 by the Bratton-Marshall method led to the conclusion that the reaction was almost quantitative.66 Similar conditions for the final decarboxylation were adopted in the preparation of samples of AIRs labeled with stable isotopes.58... 

However, more-rigorous treatment (5% acetic acid, 100°C, 17 hours) opened the imidazole ring and produced /V -cyclohexyl-a-formylaminoacetamidine (57), characterized as the crystalline picrate. Amidine 57 produced no dye in the Bratton-Marshall assay. The same behavior can be expected from AIR (46), although the product of hydrolytic ring-opening was not actually isolated. On the other hand, it was observed that a solution of AIRs (0.2 mM in 0.01-M ammonium hydroxide) prepared by biosynthesis, when stored at 4°C, did not change appreciably within a day. A decrease in the concentration of AIRs of about 30% occurred within a month. 

The Marshall group has optimized reaction (14) to obtain a poly-si lazane with Mw A000 Daltons which can be hand drawn to give 10-20 pm preceramic fibers. These fibers are then rendered Infusible by exposure to humid air and pyrolyzed to give fibers with the same ceramic yields, 55+%, as found by Verbeek et al. The ceramic products are mainly amorphous SiC and SijN with some Si02 (a consequence of the humidity treatments). 

It has been indicated 323 that for some distributions it is possible to find, at least, an empirical correlation between the mean droplet size and the standard deviation. Gretzinger and Marshall 102 have proposed such empirical equations relating the mean droplet size and the standard deviation for water-air system. Thus, once the mean droplet size is determined from a mathematical model, an empirical correlation, and/or experimental data, the entire droplet size distribution can be then predicted quantitatively. 

Powder (in spray drying tower) Mean particle size, Air / liquid mass flow ratio, Dmean Mr Kim-Marshall equation [26] 0.4 0.32... 

The hold-up in a rotary dryer varies with the feed rate, the number of flights, the shell diameter and the air rate. For zero air flow, Friedman and Marshall 24) give the... 

An expression for the evaporation time for a pure liquid drop falling freely in air has been presented by Marshall(38,39). For drop diameters less than 100 im this may be simplified to give ... 

Alkyds are crosslinked via oxidation by atmospheric oxygen [Marshall et al., 1987 Solomon, 1967]. The process is usually referred to as drying or air-drying. Varnishes and other surface coatings based on these polymers are crosslinked by standing in air. 

See War Diaries 1939-1945 Field Marshal Lord Alanhrooke, ed., Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (London Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001), pp. 187, 189-91, 261, 263, 279, 321, 323-5, 410, 427-8, 430, 515, for Churchill s obsession with invading Norway, despite lack of air cover and shipping, his reluctance to reduce the size of the army, and his opportunism as opposed to long-term strategy. 

The commitment of a large part of the British army to the Mediterranean and elsewhere meant that of the thirty-five divisions required for the cross-Channel invasion of France, only sixteen would be British, and that subsequent reinforcements would have to come from the United States. The overriding importance of the cross-Channel operation was such that from April to September 1944 the direction of Bomber Command was transferred to the American Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in North-West Europe, General Dwight Eisenhower. The appointment of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder as deputy supreme commander, with his experience of air co-operation in North Africa, ensured that optimal use was made of Allied air power. 

Preparation for what became the D-Day landings in Normandy on 6 June involved air attacks by heavy bombers on German communications in France, especially railway marshalling yards, as well as targets hitherto the preserve of tactical air units coastal batteries, ammunition dumps and military camps. 

SAS mixes are optimized using a slightly modified Marshall Method (ASTM Method D 1559) and represent a series of trade-offs between stability and flow, air voids content and permeability and fatigue life [15]. The major departure from the Marshall Method is that only 2 hammer blows rather than the conventional 75 blows per face are used. The light compaction is used only to expel entrapped air and to achieve more uniform sample configurations without disturbing sulfur soldification within the aggregate voids. 

The optimum or minimum allowable substitution ratio is then established by means of a series of justification tests at different binder contents. Figure 15 shows a comparison between the Marshall design properties of a conventional mixture using an asphalt binder and a 30 70 SEA binder. As indicated the optimum substitution ratio based on the maximum stability and equivalent air voids is about 1.7 1. Since minimizing the substitution ratio has a direct impact on the economic benefits to be realized by replacing the asphalt with sulfur these justification tests are to be recommended in all mix designs. 

Binder Added, w/o Marshall Stability, lb Flow, 1/100 in Hveem Stability, pet Air Void, pet Dynamic Modulus, psi... 

---