Agrochemicals carbonates

The production of alkylphenols exceeds 450,000 t/yr on a worldwide basis. Alkylphenols of greatest commercial importance have alkyl groups ranging in size from one to twelve carbons. The direct use of alkylphenols is limited to a few minor appUcations such as epoxy-curing catalysts and biocides. The vast majority of alkylphenols are used to synthesize derivatives which have appUcations ranging from surfactants to pharmaceuticals. The four principal markets are nonionic surfactants, phenoUc resins, polymer additives, and agrochemicals. 

Soil properties A Soil texture (sand, silt, clay), organic matter/carbon content, and pH Stones, roots, and hardpans must be largely absent to allow representative sampling of soil profile Soil properties should appear uniform over test site Soil texture data should be available at time of site selection. Soil properties must match study purpose. This can be realistic use conditions, realistic worst-case or worst-case in terms of agrochemical mobility and persistence Must ensure that the majority of samples can be taken from the deepest sampling horizon. Information about sub-soils can be obtained from soil maps, test coring and on-site interviews... 

Field studies in at least two paddies where the sediment has different characteristics of pH, texture and organic carbon contents are required for registration purposes. Since especially clay content and organic carbon content affect the agrochemical behavior in sediments, it is desirable that both systems have widely different characteristics with respect to these two criteria. These paddies should have cultivation history records on type of crop, variety, and agrochemical applications for at least 5 years. 

KoC is an important parameter which describes the potential for movement or mobility of pesticides in soil, sediment and groundwater. Because of the structural complexity of these agrochemical molecules, the above simple relationship which considers only the chemical s hydrophobicity may fail for polar and ionic compounds. The effects of pH, soil properties, mineral surfaces and other factors influencing sorption become important. Other quantities, KD (sorption partition coefficient to the whole soil on a dry weight basis) and KqM (organic matter-water partition coefficient) are also commonly used to describe the extent of sorption. K0M is often estimated as 0.56 KoC, implying that organic matter is 56% carbon. 

Carbo-Flo An integrated process for treating small volumes of effluent containing agrochemicals or other waste organic materials. Flocculation by proprietary chemicals is used, followed by sand filtration, and activated carbon treatment. Developed by ICI in the mid-... 

Kovacs D, Rozsa-Szucs B, Fiileky G (2007) Determination of the maturity of composts based on oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and a self-heating test. Agrochem Soil Sci 56 301-316... 

Alicyclic hydrocarbons are saturated carbon chains that form ring structures. Naturally occurring alicyclic hydrocarbons are common (Chap. 1). For example, alicyclic hydrocarbons are a major component of crude oil, comprising 20-67 vol.%. Other examples of complex, naturally occurring alicyclic hydrocarbons include camphor (a plant terpene) and cyclohexyl fatty acids (components of microbial lipids). Anthropogenic sources of alicyclic hydrocarbons to the environment include fossil-fuel processing and oil spills, as well as the use of such agrochemicals as the pyrethrin insecticides (Chap. 1, and references therein). 

Other compounds that may undergo similar processes include a variety of amide, carbonate, hydrazide, and sulfonylurea agrochemicals (Huang, 1997). 

A wide range of fluorinated compounds are applied as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Several stereoselective methods are used for synthesis of optically active molecules bearing a C-F bond at the stereogenic carbon atom [72, 73]. These are mainly based on diastereoselective fluorination of chiral molecules or enantioselective alkylation of fluoroorganic compounds. Asymmetric introduction of a fluorine... 

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