Agrochemical research, development

Chemicals Manufacturing Fine Chemicals Electrochemical Materials General Chemicals Fertilizers Agrochemicals Research Development... 

Zepp, R.G. (1991) Photochemical fate of agrochemicals in natural waters. In Pesticide Chemistry. Advances in International Research, Development, and Legislation, pp. 329-345, Frechse, H., Editor, VCH, Weinheim. 

The insect nuclear receptors EcR and USP are main targets for the agrochemical research. The structures of their ligand-binding domain is an essential step in the development of new types of environmentally safe insecticides. For EcR, a new pharmacophore... 

The synthesis of heterocyclic systems is a major activity of academic research and of the chemical industry, especially in pharmaceutical and agrochemical research and development. The organic chemists of the nineteenth century devised some of the synthetic methods that we still use today, but of course many new methods were discovered later, and in the current chemical literature there are continual reports of new methods. The body of literature on the synthesis of heterocycles is enormous and weU covered in the comprehensive reference works listed in the Appendix of Chapter 1. Here, we will only describe some of the more versatile common methods that produce unsaturated rings of five and six members, for such rings constitute major backbones on which more complicated stmctures can be constructed. 

It is necessary here to consider the type of research which these methods may be used for. Historically, techniques for building models, both physical and mathematical, to relate biologicsd properties to chemical structure have been developed in pharmaceutical and agrochemical research. Many of the examples used in this text are derived from these fields of work. There is no reason, however, why any sort of property which depends on chemical structure should not be modelled in this way. This might be termed quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) rather than QSAR where A stands for activity. Such models are beginning to be reported recent examples include applications in the design of dyestuffs, cosmetics, egg-white substitutes, artificial sweeteners, cheese-making, and prepared food products. I have tried to incorporate some of these applications to illustrate the methods, as well as the more traditional examples of QSAR. 

ISK first developed a selective grass herbicide, Fluazifop butyl, which is the first example of trifluoromethylpyridine agrochemicals and has been commercialized for use on soybeans, cotton and sugarbeets (1). The usefulness and properties of the trifluoromethylpyridine moiety in agrochemical research are described elsewhere in this volume T. Haga et al. 

He has worked on the synthesis, structural identification, and analysis of new bioactive chemicals for 30 years including the development of novel herbicide clacyfos since 2000. He has received multiple Scientific and Technological Progress Awards and Technological Invention Awards in agrochemical research from the Ministry of Education of China and Government of Hubei province. He has coauthored more than 50 scientific articles and several book chapters in the field of pesticide chemistry. 

Herbicides are also sometimes classified according to mode of action, selectivity, registered uses, and toxicity. The ever-increasing importance of herbicides and other pesticides and agrochemicals to a wide range of users, regulators, and researchers has led to the development of multiple and extensive computer databases. The primary database resources contain collected information relevant to herbicides, and numerous resource pubHcations are available to those needing information on the various aspects of herbicides (2). 

These few examples of research indicate, at least in part, the intensity and perseverance with which Japanese scientists approach their work with microbial metabolites. We have seen that, in many instances, efforts are made to duplicate, by synthesis, these substances and it may only be a question of time before a marketable product is developed. Doubtless, what we are seeing in the literature is only a small portion of the energy being expended to successfully produce biodegradable agrochemicals based on natural product templates. Japan is committed to producing abundant crops on small parcels of land and to having an unpolluted environment. 

This chapter intends to briefly overview, for each of the major areas of uses of per-fluorochemicals (PFCs) in medicine, biology, and biochemistry, the medical needs and therapeutic objectives the challenges facing product definition and development the solutions and products that are or could be provided by PFC-based materials as well as some present research trends and perspectives. The increasing number of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals that contain individual fluorine atoms or trifluoromethyl groups is out of the scope of this chapter [1,2]. 

The test facilities in India and China have evolved over the years and conduct a range of nonclinical safety assessment studies for in-house drug development, and also provide service as contract research organizations (CROs) for sponsors not only from India and China but also from overseas pharmaceutical and agrochemical companies. 

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