Agricultural fate

Multimedia Agricultural Fate and Risk Assessment Model. 102... 

Ultimately, the sludge must all be disposed of. The way in which this is done depends on the quality of the sludge, and determines how it needs to be treated. The most desirable final fate for these solids would be for beneficial use in agriculture, since the material has organic matter to act as a soil... 

Although the major concern about the fate of organic pollntants in soil has been about pesticides in agricultural soils, other scenarios are also important. The disposal of wastes on land (e.g., at landfill sites) has raised questions about movement of pollutants contained in them into the air or neighboring rivers or water conrses. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PAHs in snch wastes can be a significant source of pollution. Likewise, the disposal of some industrial wastes in landfill sites (e.g., by the chemical industry) raises questions about movement into air or water and needs to be carefully controlled and monitored. 

TD. Spittler, S.K. Brightman, M.C. Humiston, and D.R. Eomey, Watershed monitoring in sustainable agriculture studies, in Agrochemical Fate and Movement Perspective and Scale of Study, ed. TR. Steinheimer, L.J. Ross, and T.D. Spittler, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 126-134 (2000). 

J.N. Seiber, J.E. Woodrow, P.S. Honaganahalli, J.S. LeNoir, and K.C. Dowling, Flux, dispersion characteristics, and sinks for airborne methyl bromide downwind of a treated agricultural field, in Fumigants Environmental Fate, Exposure, and Analysis, ed. J.N. Seiber, J.A. Knuteson, J.E. Woodrow, N.L. Wolfe, M.V. Yates, and S.R. Yates, ACS Symposium Series No. 652, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 154-177 (1997). 

According to VNIIGINTOKS, potent toxic agents (PTA), where the fated dose (FD, J is less than 50 mg/ kg, are not introduced into agriculture, are not produced in the USSR, and are not imported from abroad [12]. In actual fact, Risk Class I OPPs with an FD for laboratory animals of less than 50 mg/kg were not only actively used, but were also produced in the USSR for many years (including such OPPs as parathion, demeton, octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, methyl ethyl... 

An application of transport and compartment-type models to hazard analysis is described in the paper by Honeycutt and Ballantine (19). The compound CGA-72662 running off from agricultural areas into surface waters was modeled in order to set safe application procedures consistent with the protection of aquatic environments. Patterson, et al (2 0) have adapted the UTM model to a software package that is generally applicable to fate assessments of toxic substances in air, water, soil and biota. Their work, now in working draft form, is being used by Dr. William Wood and Dr. Joan Lefler in the Office of Toxic Substances of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

This gives an example of fate modeling in which the risks of an insect growth inhibitor, CGA-72662, in aquatic environments were assessed using a combination of the SWRRB and EXAMS mathematical models.. Runoff of CGA-72662 from agricultural watersheds was estimated using the SWRRB model. The runoff data were then used to estimate the loading of CGA-72662 into the EXAMS model for aquatic environments. EXAMS was used to estimate the maximum concentrations of CGA-72662 that would occur in various compartments of the defined ponds and lakes. The maximum expected environmental concentrations of CGA-72662 in water were then compared with acute and chronic toxicity data for CGA-72662 in fish and aquatic invertebrates in order to establish a safety factor for CGA-72662 in aquatic environments. 

Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Devivo S, Saunders S, Cassada DA (2009) Detection, occurrence, and fate of emerging contaminants in agricultural environments. Water Environ Res 81(10) 941-958... 

Page A.L. Fate and effects of trace elements in sewage sludge when applied to agricultural lands. US Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA670/2-74-005,1974. 

Hildebrandt A, Lacorte S, Barcelo D (2009) Occurrence and fate of organochlorinated pesticides and PAH in agricultural soils from the Ebro river basin. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57 247-255... 

Curtail agricultural use of chlorpyrifos in watershed areas pending acquisition of additional data on its transport, fate, and effects, including data on chlorpyrifos flux rates from soils and sediments and its resultant bioavailability. 

Hood, R.D. 1985. Cacodylic Acid Agricultural Uses, Biologic Effects, and Environmental Fate. VA Monograph. 171 pp. Avail, from Sup. Documents, U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Washington, D.C. 20402. 

As shown in Table 5.5.1,15% of the silicone surfactants annually used were disposed of via wastewater treatment plants [6], but no studies have addressed their fate or persistence in this environmental compartment. Due to the hydrolytic instability and tendency for sorption to surfaces, it is generally thought that limited persistence of the parent molecule in aqueous systems should occur. Consequently more attention has been focused on interactions with solid media such as that resulting from direct application as agricultural adjuvants, and in re-use of sludge. Increased water solubility for the degradation products of trisiloxane surfactants has, however, been observed [10,12,15], demonstrating the need to also monitor the... 

Figge and Schoberl [33] reported on the degradation and fate of 14C-LAS after introduction of digested sludge into the topsoils collected from two agricultural ecosystems. The first of the soil cores transferred into the laboratory test apparatus was a heavy, clay-like soil, while the second was classified as a loose, sandy soil. The initial concentrations of LAS in the top layer of the soils were 27.2 and 16.2 mg kg-1,... 

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