Africa, economic growth

Over 40% of the world s population is at risk from malaria. The disease causes severe illness in over 500 million people and results in over 1.7 million deaths each year (4). Transmission is most prevalent in the world s poorest countries, predominantly sub-Saharan Africa, and accounts for 40% of public healthcare costs. In addition, a 2007 World Health Organization report estimates a 1.3% decline in annual economic growth for countries... 

Shadrack Mule (University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, Kenya) has been measuring and monitoring contamination of water and sediments by heavy metals such as cadmium and lead stemming from the activities of small engineering and other businesses known as Jua Kali . There is obviously a need to balance the economic growth and employment that... 

The key to sustainable development in Africa—that is, development that does not rely indefinitely on foreign aid—is the creation of in astructure. Part of this is a purely physical matter a question of civil engineering. The business and finance communities in African nations identify the lack of good roads, railways, air and water transpmt faculties, energy and water supplies, and telecommunications networks as one of the main obstacles to economic growth [10]. 

The 1980s and early 1990s were, as a result, a period of deindustrialization across much of Africa. Previous industrial gains were eroded in many countries, and economic growth turned to decline, while health and education also suffered severely (Cornia et al., 1987). This is the context for the pause in industrial investment evident in Figure 1.1 the case studies that follow add some detail on this period, including the fate of existing firms and the distinctive experience of Zimbabwe. 

South Africa s economic growth for the last few years has averaged 2-3% and it slowed down to 2.0% in 2014. However, as the second-largest African economy after Nigeria the country exerts strong economic and political influence on the African continent. The country made the transition from an apartheid state to a constitutional democratic state in 1994. Since then. South Africa has experienced considerable economic... 

The highest rates of urbanization are in Africa and Asia and by 2030 there will be 53 and 54 percent of their respective populations in urban areas. In Asia many cities will become mega-cities as industrialization proceeds but in Africa the growth of cities is not linked to industrialization and many cities are described as economically marginalized by Cohen (2004). Overall, the use of carbon will become less spatially uniform as its consumption, mainly as food and fuel, increases as cities grow. 

Hydrilla vertlcillata (family Hydrocharitaceae) was introduced to the United States from Africa by way of South America (1). Since the 1960 s, the plant has become a major nuisance in Florida, a state in which hydrilla does not suffer a winter die-back each year. For example, it is estimated that approximately 40,000 hectares of the State s waterways are directly affected by heavy hydrilla growth (2) necessitating the expenditure of millions of dollars annually for control and research. Costs are not only economic but environmental as well because hydrilla Is able to compete successfully with native submerged plants and to displace them in some situations (3). 

Nematode parasites present a serious problem for most animals and for humans in developing countries. These parasites produce various symptoms including ill thrift, poor growth, diarrhoea and, in around 1 % of cases, loss of life. The economic forces are such that new drugs for the treatment of nematode parasites have been developed first for animal use and only later for human use. A recent example is the development of the antibiotic anthelmintic, ivermectin, which was introduced first for the treatment of cattle nematode parasites and has subsequently been used to control river blindness , an eye condition seen in west Africa caused by farvae of Onchocerca volvulus. 

The Europe/Middle East/Africa polyurethane demand is summarized in Tables IV and V. The overall polyurethane demand for Western Europe is expected to reach about 2,200 million pounds in 1980. West Germany alone will account for 25% of the total, followed by Italy (20%), France (13%) and the United Kingdom (9%). Based on current growth expectations, overall demand should increase about 6.0% annually, and reach the 4,000 million pound level by 1990. The Middle East, Africa, and Eastern European countries will represent a combined total demand of 765 million pounds in 1980. Despite the well known social, political, and economic problems for many of these countries. The Middle East/ Africa/E. Europe could reach a 1,565 million pound polyurethane demand by 1990. 

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