Arctic aerosols

Kawamura, K., and H. Kasukabe, Source and Reaction Pathways of Dicarboxylic Acids, Ketoacids, and Dicarbonyls in Arctic Aerosols One Year of Observations, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1709-1722 (1996a). 

Wiedensohler, A P. Aalto, D. Covert, J. Heintzenberg, and P. H. McMurry, Intercomparison of Four Methods to Determine Size Distributions of Low-Concentration ( 100 cm-3), Ultrafine Aerosols (3 < D ) < 10 nm) with Illustrative Data from the Arctic, Aerosol Sci, Technol., 21, 95-109 (1994). 

Xie YL, Hopke P, Paatero P, Barrie L, Li SM, Identification of source and seasonal variations of Arctic aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1999a, 56, 249-260. 

Went, F. W. (1966). On the nature of Aitken condensation nuclei. Tellus 18, 549-556. Weschler, C. (1981). Identification of selected organics in the arctic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1365-1369. 

Kawamura, K., Kasukabe, H., and Barrie, L., Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls in Arctic aerosols one year of observations, Atmos. Environ., 30(10/11), 1709-1722, 1996. 

Heidam NZ (1981) On the origin ofthe Arctic aerosol a statistical approach. Atmos Environ 15 1421-1427. 

During the winter and early spring (February to April) the Arctic aerosol has been found to be influenced significantly by anthropogenic sources, and the phenomenon is commonly referred to as Arctic haze (Barrie 1986). During this period the aerosol number concentration increases to over 200 cm-3. The nucleation mode mean diameter is at 0.05 pm and the accumulation mode at 0.2 pm (Covert and Heintzenberg 1993)... 

Rahn, K. (1981) Relative importance of North America and Eurasia as sources of Arctic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 15, 1447-1456. 

Li S. M. and Winchester J. W. (1993) Water soluble organic constituents in arctic aerosols and snow pack. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 45-48. 

Narukawa M., Kawamura K., Li S.-M. and Bottenheim J. W. (2002) Dicarboxylic acids in the arctic aerosols and snowpacks collected during ALERT2(XX). Atmos. Environ. 36, 2491-2499. 

Zangrando R, Barbaro E, Zennaro P et al (2013) Molecular markers of biomass burning in arctic aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 47(15) 8565-8574... 

IV. Physical and Chemical Properties of Particles A. Arctic Aerosol... 

A study by Heintzenberg et al. (37) found that the winter Arctic aerosol was dominated by anthropogenic pollution from midlatitude sources. Size-fractionated chemical measurements showed that S, Cu, Zn, and Pb were found mainly in the submicrometer particles. 

Figure 3 A trimodal number-size distribution of an Arctic aerosol measured during the International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991 (1). The solid squares represent the measurement, and the solid line the sum of log-normal distributions (dotted lines) of the ultrafine, the Aitken, and the accumulation mode.

---