Adverse drug reactions route

The ongoing assessment involves careful observation of the patient every 2 to 4 hours for adverse drug reactions when the antifungal drug is given by the oral or parenteral route. When these dru are applied topically to the skin, the nurse inspects the area at the time of each application for localized skin reactions. When these dm i are administered vaginally, the nurse questions the patient regarding any discomfort or other sensations... 

Any drug has the potential to cause an adverse effect. An adverse effect, be it an adverse drug reaction (ADR) or an adverse drug event, is an unwanted, unpleasant, noxious, or harmful consequence associated with the use of a medication that has been administered in a standard dose by the proper route, for the purpose of prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment. Death is the ultimate adverse drug event. 

The availability of new routes of administration have led to increased utility and decreased opioid adverse drug reaction risk. Epidural and intrathecal administration through spinal catheters produces adequate regional analgesia at relatively low total doses compared with intravenous or oral routes. As such, spinal administration can thus minimize somnolence, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression associated with these medications. Other alternative routes include intranasal administration of butorphanol, and rectal and transdermal administration of fentanyl [28]. Availability of such options provides not only a decreased risk of adverse reactions, but also more comfortable measures for patients who would otherwise require continued intravenous administration, or for those who are unable to receive oral medication [28,29]. 

A type A adverse drug reaction is a possibility if a patient is given a higher than recommended dose for any particular route of administration due to practitioner error. In order to avoid this it is good clinical practice for drug dosages to be checked by another member of staff prior to administration. Where this is not possible, or impracticable, extreme care must be taken to ensure that a patient receives the right dose of the correct medicine by the route intended. 

Continuous versus intermittent administration A study randomised 20 patients who underwent a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure to be treated with either TV bolus infusion of terlipressin (1 mg) followed by continuous infusion (4 mg/24 h) or intravenous bolus injection of ferlipressin (2 mg) followed by intermittent injections (1 mg/6 h) [92 ]. The continuous administration route more stably reduced portal venous pressure and did so with a lower initial IV dose, which could minimise tiie risk of adverse drug reactions. Larger studies are required to assess that possibility. 

Drug administration route Extended-release injectable naltrexone 380 mg for alcohol dependence in primary care settings in 72 patients seeking treatment produced good patient satisfaction, and adverse reactions were as expected [216 "]. 

Drug administration route Accidental injection of adrenaline into fingers seems not to be associated with adverse reactions in most cases, although occasional reports appear [12" ]. 

Drug administration route In a prospective study of the disposition of nebulized amphotericin B Upid complex, 1 mg/kg every 24 hours for 4 days in 35 lung transplant recipients, satisfactory concentrations were achieved in the bronchial epitheUal lining fluid with only low concentration in the plasma [8 ]. Adverse reactions to nebulized amphotericin included wheezing, coughing, and a 12% fall in FEVi. 

Drug administration route Rapid bolus dose administration of subcutaneous immii-noglobuhn 3-20 ml per dose was associated with a similar adverse event rate to pump administration local infusion-site reactions were the most common adverse effects [69 ]. 

More than half of the patients receiving this drug by the parenteral route experience some adverse reaction. Severe and sometimes life-threatening reactions include leukopenia (low white blood cell count), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Moderate or less severe reactions include changes in some laboratory tests, such as the serum creatinine and liver function tests. Other adverse reactions include anxiety, headache, hypotension, chills, nausea, and anorexia Aerosol administration may result in fatigue a metallic taste in the mouth, shortness of breath, and anorexia... 

Amphotericin B is the mainstay of treatment of patients with severe endemic fungal infections. The conventional deoxycholate formulation of the drug can be associated with substantial infusion-related adverse effects (e.g., chills, fever, nausea, rigors, and in rare cases hypotension, flushing, respiratory difficulty, and arrhythmias). Pre-medication with low doses of hydrocortisone, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and meperidine is common to reduce acute infusion-related reactions. Venous irritation associated with the drug can also lead to thrombophlebitis, hence central venous catheters are the preferred route of administration in patients receiving more than a week of therapy. 

Drugs are administered by various means from oral to intravenous to topical. The oral route is a relatively slow process where a drug must be absorbed across the GI tract and then passed through the liver and metabolized before it becomes available to bind to receptors and perform its intended function. On the other hand, intravenous application is quick but has the potential of fast systemic reaction if adverse reactions occur. In the case of topical administration, the effects of the drug are localized. 

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