Administration of drugs routes

The oral route is the most frequent route of drug administration and rarely causes physical discomfort in patients. Oral drug forms include tablets, capsules, and liquids. Some capsules and tablets contain sustained-release drag s, which dissolve over an extended period of time. Administration of oral dru is relatively easy for patients who are alert and can swallow. 

Avoid the subcutaneous and intramuscular route of drug administration in patients in any form of shock... 

The transdermal route of drug administration offers several advantages over other methods of delivery. For some cases, oral delivery may be contraindicated, or the drug may be poorly absorbed. This would also include situations for which the drug undergoes a substantial first-pass effect [173] and systemic therapy is desired. 

Topical routes of drug administration are where the drug is applied directly to the site of action. Many medicines are applied directly for example, hydrocortisone can be rubbed into the skin to relieve a local area of inflammation. The anticholinesterase neostigmine is dropped directly onto the eye surface to relieve glaucoma, a condition characterised by raised intra-ocular pressure which if untreated can lead to blindness. 

There are a few reports on possible sites of action of 5-HT3 antagonists. Low doses of zacopride administered directly into the fourth ventricle (i.c.v.) antagonized cisplatin (i.v.[-induced emesis in the cat [108]. A similar antagonism was demonstrated when routes of drug administration were interchanged. Similarly, GR 38032F, GR 65630 and MDL 72222, administered i.c.v. onto the area postrema at very low doses, antagonized cisplatin-induced... 

Lamey PJ, Lewis MAO (1990) Buccal and sublingual delivery of drugs. In Florence AT, Salole EG (eds.) Routes of Drug Administration. Butterworth Co. (Publishers) Ltd., Norfolk, pp 30-47... 

Despite tremendous innovations in the field of drug delivery technology, oral intake remains the preferred route of drug administration, for reasons of patient convenience and therapy compliance. Compounds intended for oral administration must have adequate biopharmaceutical properties in order to achieve therapeutic concentrations at the targeted site of action. 

The buceal route of drug administration is the most widely used method for application of mucoadhesive deliveiy systems. Both for local treatment of inflammation (i.e., apthae) and for rapid absorption of eompounds (nitroglyeerin), formulation technolo-... 

The IM and SC routes are by far the most frequently used extravascular parenteral routes of drug administration in farm animals. The less frequently used parenteral routes have limited application, in that they aim at directly placing high concentrations of antimicrobial agent close to the site of infection. These routes of administration include intra-articular or subconjuctival injection and intra-mammary or intra-uterine infusion. These local routes differ from the major parenteral routes in that absorption into the systemic circulation is not a prerequisite for delivery of drug to the site of action. The combined use of systemic and local delivery of drug to the site of infection represents the optimum approach to... 

IM route of administration is indicated only for mild to moderate, uncomplicated, or complicated UTIs caused by E. co//when the IM route is a more appropriate route of drug administration. 

How do the chemical defences of the body respond to these different routes of drug administration Does any of the routes bypass any or all of the chemical defences we have considered above How would the drug travel What advantages or disadvantages might each route have (We will return to some of these ideas later in this chapter.)... 

Except for intravenous administration, all routes of drug administration require that the drug be transported from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. A drug is said to be absorbed only when it has entered the blood or lymph capillaries. The transport of drugs across membranes entails one or more of... 

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