Administration routes intramuscular

Heparin may be given by intermittent IV administration, continuous IV infusion, and the SC route. Intramuscular administration is avoided because of die possibility of the development of local irritation, pain, or hematoma (a collection of blood in die tissue). A solution of dilute heparin may be used to maintain patency of an IV site used for intermittent administration of any drug given by die IV route ... 

Liposomes tend to remain at the injection site when they are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Therefore, these administration routes are useful for slow and sustained release of drugs at the injection site. 

UFH must be given parenterally, preferably by the IV or subcutaneous (SC) route. Intramuscular administration is discouraged because absorption is erratic and it may cause large hematomas. 

Which route of administration is optimum Choosing the optimum dmg administration route takes into account the specific circumstances of each individual case. For example, can the patient tolerate oral medications, or is intravenous administration required Does the patient have venous access For how long can it be maintained Is intramuscular administration a possibility In many clinical situations, the available formulation determines the route of administration. Antibiotics are a prime example of this phenomenon ceftriaxone, for example, is available only for parenteral administration while amoxicillin is administered orally. 

The advantages of administration by intramuscular injection are that the muscle can act as a depot, and the rate of disappearance of drug from the site of injection can be calculated. Inhalational, intranasal, and intratracheal administration are normally reserved for vapors and aerosols including anesthetics. Absorption is facilitated by small-sized particles, high lipid solubility, sufficient pulmonary blood flow, and a large absorptive surface area, as it is present in healthy lungs. Administration by these routes can be very rapid when several of the factors favoring increased absorption are combined. 

The route of antigen administration depends on the nature of the antigen itself, the animal species, the use of an adjuvant, and the immunological response. When producing antisera from rabbits, subcutaneous and intradermal administration are the most popular routes. Intramuscular injections can be used in the presence of Freund adjuvants because this route provides rapid access to the lymphatic system. The intravenous route is used with particulate antigens because injection can produce a response, which, although rapid, is not sustained. 

Miles, R.A., et al. 1994. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes A comparative study. Fertil Steril 62 485. 

After IV injection, the drug is delivered immediately and totally into the blood (100% bioavailability). In contrast, a drug administered via any other route (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intestinal, rectal, buccal, sublingual, nasal, pulmonary and vaginal) will have to circumvent various physical and chemical barriers (discussed below), so that the bioavailability will be lower in comparison to that obtained after iv administration. For example, to achieve 100% bioavailability via the oral route requires the drug to ... 

Extravascular and intravascular routes can be conceived as concomitant or repeated, e.g., delayed oral intake with respect to an intramuscular administration, or piecewise constant rate infusions, etc. Applying the superposition principle, the contribution of all administration routes in the same recipient compartment is given by the following input function ... 

Demonstrate safe administration of medications, particularly vasoactive and analgesic agents, via oral (PO), subcutaneous (SQ), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) administration routes. 

Previous reports of opioid withdrawal on single exposure have been described after the administration of intramuscular morphine in healthy individuals. This case suggests that opioid dependence can occur after acute exposure to morphine by the epidural route too. An alternative explanation (28) is that the stress of labor may have led to increased endogenous opioid activity, particularly B-endorphin, and that the antagonistic effect of naloxone on the endogenous opioid system contributed to the clinical effects in this patient. Moreover, the authors pointed out that many symptoms characteristic of the classic opioid withdrawal sjmdrome were not present in the patient. 

Aronson JK. Routes of drug administration 5. Intramuscular. Presc J 1995 35 32-6. 

Some cases of the change in administration route such as form oral to external use, from intravenous to oral, external, inhalation and subcutaneous use, and from subcutaneous or intramuscular to oral, external, inhalation and intravenous use. 

Infusion reactions are the most common safety issue with mAbs. Typical infusion reactions are injection-site reactions such as itching, rash, redness, swelling, and pain.46 These reactions have been reported for all the generally used administration routes intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular. As may be expected, subcutaneous administration has been associated more with injection-site reactions. The mechanisms underlying injection-site reactions are not well understood, making mechanism-based modeling an impossible task. However, it should be mentioned that mathematical models have been developed to represent the absorption kinetics after therapeutic administration.47-48... 

Parenteral is defined as situated or occurring outside the intestine, and especially introduced otherwise than by way of the intestines —pertaining to essentially any administration route other than enteral. This field is obviously too broad for an adequate focus in one book, let alone one chapter. Many have nonetheless used the term synonymously with injectable drug delivery. We restrict ourselves to this latter usage. This would thus include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, and subdural injection. In this chapter we discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of solubilizing small molecules for injectable formulation development and will examine the role of surfactants and other excipients in more recent parenteral delivery systems such as liposomes, solid-drug nanoparticles and particulate carriers. 

The lack of activity after oral administration for most peptides and proteins resulted in the past besides parenteral application into the utilization of nonoral administration pathways, for example, nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, percutaneous, ocular, or pulmonary drug delivery [27]. Drug delivery via these administration routes, however, is also frequently accompanied by presystemic degradation processes. Bioavailability of numerous peptides and proteins is, for example, markedly reduced after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration compared to their intravenous administration. The pharma-cokinetically derived apparent absorption rate constant is thus the combination of absorption into the systemic circulation and presystemic degradation at the absorption... 

The most widely used parenteral administration avenues are intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc). In addition, there are several minor applications (e.g. intraarterial). Application of a protein drug by the different main parenteral administration routes may have profound effects on the pharmacological performances. When the drug is administered iv, it is immediately available for action in the circulation, while drugs administered im or sc need more time to reach the blood (depot effect), and consequently the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles could be different. Besides the PK, the route of administration may have influence on the primary distribution of the drug. For example, when administered sc, smaller and hydrophiUic proteins tend to enter the venous system, while larger and/or more hydrophobic proteins tend to... 

Valium (diazepam) tablet (oral administration) and intramuscular (innovator products administered via two different extravascular routes)... 

Glucocorticosteroids Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited when administered orally, rectally, or by intravenous or intramuscular administration. All other administration routes require a medical notification. 

Parenteral (injected) administration of drugs provides a solution to many problems associated with the oral delivery route. A drug injected into the blood circulation is considered to be completely bioavail-able thaefore, the quantity of the surfactants and otha inactive excipients in intravenous dosage forms are usually strictly limited. The most common alternative routes of parenteral drug administration are intramuscular or subcutaneous injections [2], Several otha injection routes are available to elicit rapid local reaction, such as intrathecal, intraarticular, and intracardiac. 

Drag admiuistratiou route Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of two doses of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV)... 

In addition the nature of the formulation affects the absorption rate of medicines administrated by intramuscular route. 

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