Route of administration intramuscular

Due to particle sizes in the micrometer range, parenteral suspensions are generally limited to either subcutaneous or intramuscular routes of administration. However, ultrafine suspensions can be approached by high-pressure homogenization [200]. The particle size obtained from this technique is in the 100 500 nm range, thus intravenous administration is possible [201]. General information on parenteral formulations is given in Chapter 12. 

The lARC considers that there is sufficient evidence that BA is carcinogenic to experimental animals. BA has produced carcinogenic results in the mouse by gavage, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes of administration. It caused hepatomas and lung adenomas after gavage administration of 15 doses of 1.5 mg each over a period of 5 weeks early in the lifetime of the mice. ... 

The intravenous route of administration is nearly instantaneously absorbed. The intramuscular route of administration has slower absorption depending on the amount of blood vessels at the injection site. Subcutaneous tissue injection sites have a slower absorption rate than muscles. Exercise slows absorption because circulation is diverted from the stomach to other areas of the body... 

Delafuente JC, Davis JA, Meuleman JR, Jones RA. Influent vaccinatiem and warfarin antico-agulation a comparison of subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of administration in elderly men Pharmaco rcqry (1998) 18,631-6. 

Ketamine is an excellent anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative in specialized settings. It can be used in patients who cannot tolerate barbiturates, in settings where cardiovascular depression must be avoided, and in patients with refractory bronchospasm. It is useful in one-lung ventilation, asthmatic patients, or when there is need for an intramuscular route of administration. It is very helpful in specific situations such as the need for anesthesia in uncontrollable, mentally retarded patients. It can be simply mixed with syrup if oral premedication is desired. 

Most work on saponins as immunological adjuvants has been done following parenteral inoculation. Saponins are more toxic by parenteral (i.p. or i.v.) administration than by the oral route, presumably because of a more complete uptake by the former. Toxicity associated with Quil A has limited its development to veterinary vaccines. The maximum well tolerated i.p. dose in mice was estimated to be 25 ig. Significantly lower toxicity was observed by subcutaneous, intradermal, and intramuscular routes of administration. The toxicity of individual saponins varies considerably. For example, the major peak saponin QS-18 (2) was found to be toxic in mice at low doses (80% mortality within three days after i.d. injection of 125 p,g) whereas QS-7 was non toxic (100% survival with 0.5 mg, the highest dose tested). A simple analogy between hemolytic activity and toxicity is not possible since QS-21 (3), which was shown to have a slightly higher hemolytic activity than QS-18 (2), was proven to be less toxic [9]. 

Earlier studies by Wiles et al. (5) in which palytoxin was administered by various routes showed that this material was extremely toxic to rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. The effect of route of administration on toxicity varies in that intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc) toxicity is high, yet intrarectal (ir) or oral (po) palytoxin is relatively ineffective. It was also observed that palytoxin... 

Avoid the subcutaneous and intramuscular route of drug administration in patients in any form of shock... 

Opioids maybe administered in a variety of routes including oral (tablet and liquid), sublingual, rectal, transdermal, transmucosal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraspinal. While the oral and transdermal routes are most common, the method of administration is based on patient needs (severity of pain) and characteristics (swallowing difficulty and preference). Oral opioids have an onset of effect of 45 minutes, so intravenous or subcutaneous administration maybe preferred if more rapid relief is desired. Intramuscular injections are not recommended because of pain at the injection site and wide fluctuations in drug absorption and peak plasma concentrations achieved. More invasive routes of administration such as PCA and intraspinal (epidural and intrathecal) are primarily used postoperatively, but may also be used in refractory chronic pain situations. PCA delivers a self-administered dose via an infusion pump with a preprogrammed dose, minimum dosing interval, and maximum hourly dose. Morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone are commonly administered via PCA pumps by the intravenous route, but less frequently by the subcutaneous or epidural route. 

Androgens are important for general sexual function and libido, but testosterone supplementation is only effective in patients with documented low serum testosterone levels. In patients with hypogonadism, testosterone replacement is the initial treatment of choice, as it corrects decreased libido, fatigue, muscle loss, sleep disturbances, and depressed mood. Improvements in ED may occur, but they should not be expected to occur in all patients.23 The initial trial should be for 3 months. At that time, re-evaluation and the addition of another ED therapy is warranted. Routes of administration include oral, intramuscular, topical patches or gel, and a buccal tablet. 

To examine the influence of different routes of administration of lipospheres on their immunogenicity, rabbits were immunized orally or parenterally (by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes) with lipospheres made of tristearin and lecithin (1 1 molar ratio) and containing the malaria antigen. The immune response obtained was followed with time for a period of 12 weeks postimmunization. 

A third consideration is that certain routes of administration may favor immu-nogenicity of recombinant proteins. In early trials, rDNA proteins introduced by subcutaneous or intramuscular injections (procedures known to improve the immu-nogenicity of proteins) resulted in a higher frequency of antibody responses than in the intravenous route. 

Other routes of administration used less commonly in dog safety studies are subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, rectal, and vaginal. 

Phil Kysor and I similarly developed a TRI to represent a subject s response to BZ. We combined changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and performance on Number Facility (NF), using a scale from 1- 9 for each variable. It helped us to compare responses to BZ given by various routes of administration. Eventually we could combine intravenous, intramuscular, oral, inhalation and percutaneous responses using the TRI as an indicator of relative effectiveness. Fig. 4 shows idealized response curves for various intensities of BZ response. 

Absorption is the critical factor that determines entry of an antimicrobial agent into the blood stream when an extravascular route of administration, i.e. oral, intramuscular (IM), or subcutaneous (SC) injection is used. Absorption, the extent of which depends mainly on the physicochemical properties of the antimicrobial agent, is associated with intra-mammary or intra-uterine therapy. 

There is a large literature on this subject, mainly concentrated in the field of oral products. Bioequivalence is, however, a potential problem with other routes of administration such as transdermal, topical and intramuscular... 

Less than 5% of thorium was excreted in the urine up to 42 days after intravenous injection of thorium-234 sulfate in rats and guinea pigs (Scott et al. 1952). After intravenous injection, the amount of thorium excreted in the feces was 0.7-24.5% of the level administered for 14-42 days in rats, 0.6 and 14.6% for 2 and 5 days in guinea pigs, and 0.9% for 7 days in rabbits. In dogs injected with thorium-228 citrate, urinary excretion dominated initially, but after 2.5 years, the fecal to urinary ratio approximated 1.0 (Stover 1981 Stover et al. 1960). Thomas et al. (1963) reported the excretion of thorium citrate administered as thorium-234 tracer plus thorium-232 carrier in rats. No differences were found in the rate and route of excretion following various routes of administration (intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, and intramuscular). In the first 2 days, 25-30% of the thorium was excreted. Most of the thorium was excreted in the feces and not in the urine. At a high exposure level, the feces/urine ratio was 45 and at a low level, it was 1.6. This indicates that at the... 

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